The Uptake Mechanism of Cd(II), Cr(VI), Cu(II), Pb(II), and Zn(II) by Mycelia and Fruiting Bodies ofGalerina vittiformis

Abstract

Optimum concentrations of heavy metals like copper, cadmium, lead, chromium, and zinc in soil are essential in carrying out various cellular activities in minimum concentrations and hence help in sustaining all life forms, although higher concentration of these metals is lethal to most of the life forms. Galerina vittiformis, a macrofungus, was found to accumulate these heavy metals into its fleshy fruiting body in the order Pb(II) > Cd(II) > Cu(II) > Zn(II) > Cr(VI) from 50 mg/kg soil. It possesses various ranges of potential cellular mechanisms that may be involved in detoxification of heavy metals and thus increases its tolerance to heavy metal stress, mainly by producing organic acids and phytochelatins (PCs). These components help in repairing stress damaged proteins and compartmentalisation of metals to vacuoles. The stress tolerance mechanism can be deduced by various analytical tools like SEM-EDX, FTIR, and LC-MS. Production of two kinds of phytochelatins was observed in the organism in response to metal stress.

On the occurrence, origin, and intake of the nuclides, 210Po and 210Pb, in sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos collected in China

“…Further, the amount of adsorbed Pb 2+ per mass unit increased with the increase in initial lead ion concentration (Ezzouhri et al, 2010). The stable lead studies in some macromycetes have indicated that they produced two types of phytochelatins which played a crucial role in removing metals from soil (Damodaran et al, 2013). We might expect similar results in the case of radiolead 210 Pb.…”

Lead, cadmium and nickel removal efficiency of white‐rot fungus Phlebia brevispora

“…Earlier, intracellular thiol compounds have been reported for binding and accumulation of metal ions into intracellular space and vacuoles, respectively, thus resulting into increased tolerance level and lower cytoplasmic toxicity (Damodaran et al . 2013). Therefore, it could be concluded that tolerance or toxicity might depend upon the concentration of the simultaneous production of ROS and thiol compounds under heavy metal stress, which may further affect the mycelial surface morphology.…”

Direct and Indirect Neurotoxic Potential of Metal/Metalloids in Plants and Fungi Used for Food, Dietary Supplements, and Herbal Medicine

“…At neutral pH, metal binding to phytic acid corresponds to Cu > Zn > Ni > Co > Mn > Fe > Ca [ 43 ]. The cap of mushrooms produces stress-related factors (metallothionein) that govern the uptake of metal ions [ 44 ]. Cysteine-rich oligopeptides (phytochelatin family) bind a large fraction of cadmium in the caps of B. edulis when the edible mushroom is exposed to excess metals [ 45 ].…”