The Upwelling Water Flux Feeding Springs: Hydrogeological and Hydraulic Features

Fiorillo, Francesco; Esposito, Libera; Testa, Giovanni; Ciarcia, Sabatino; Pagnozzi, Mauro

doi:10.3390/w10040501

Cited by 14 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Figure 8 shows the results of discharge measurements together with 222 Rn activity, which were carried out for two distinct spring outlets of the Grassano river in the period from May 2014 to May 2015. The activity of 222 Rn increases according to spring discharge, and decreases following the discharge as well; thus, the maximum and minimum activity of 222 Rn occur during high flow and low flow conditions, respectively, as also found in other springs of the Apennine [4].…”

Section: Groundwater Modeling With Modflow Numerical Codesupporting

confidence: 57%

“…Karst aquifers can be characterized by a high transmissivity and a high capacity to store large volumes of water, which allow a deep-water circulation generating ascendant flows in the discharge zones, where basal springs are located [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, although flowrate and other physical and chemical features of springs can be easily measured, the ascendant flux is not easy to detect, due to a local vertical hydraulic gradient, which is difficult to recognize. Fiorillo et al [4] highlight the upwelling flux phenomenon feeding the Serino springs, in southern Italy, based on piezometric data and the chemical-physical parameters of spring waters, providing three different hydrogeological sketches describing the ascendant flow of spring outlets (Figure 1). The upwelling phenomenon of groundwater is a consequence of artesian conditions (Figure 1a), but it can occur also in unconfined aquifers of wide karst systems (Figure 1b Ascendant flux connected to different hydrogeological settings of the discharge zone of karst aquifers (a) the hydraulic head difference, h 1 , is needed to allow the rising of groundwater through the porous medium from buried karst substratum; (b) no-karst terrains between the recharge and discharge area help groundwater syphoning; (c) flow lines tend to be vertical as a consequence of deep groundwater flow and flat water table (modified from Fiorillo et al [4]).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Upwelling Groundwater Flow in the Karst Area of Grassano-Telese Springs (Southern Italy)

Fiorillo

Leone

Pagnozzi

et al. 2019

Water

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The hydraulic phenomenon of upwelling groundwater flow affecting the karst area of the Grassano-Telese springs (southern Italy) has been investigated through piezometric measurements, discharge, and chemical–physical monitoring of springs, radon activity included. Locally, both large karst springs and sulfurous thermal springs are closely located, and raise several questions on their origin. In this study, the phenomenon of the upwelling flow is supported by different types of evidences: Amazing density of sinkholes connected to hypogenic speleogenesis processes, constancy of temperature, and hydraulic conductivity of spring water, change of radon activity during the hydrological year, increasing of the hydraulic head with depth. Numerical code provides an estimation of the upwelling phenomenon in an unconfined aquifer feeding the karst springs, using MODFLOW tools. Based on the results reached, the phenomenon of the upwelling flow is able to explain the hydrological processes observed in the Telese karst area.

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Section: Groundwater Modeling With Modflow Numerical Codesupporting

confidence: 57%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Upwelling Groundwater Flow in the Karst Area of Grassano-Telese Springs (Southern Italy)

Fiorillo

Leone

Pagnozzi

et al. 2019

Water

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“…2), along the north-western boundary of the Picentini Massif (Serino Springs), and in the Calore River basin along the northern boundary of the Picentini Mountains (Cassano Springs). These springs are characterized by upwelling flow (Fiorillo et al 2018).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Main hydrological features and recharge analysis of the Caposele Spring catchment, southern Italy

Fiorillo

Pagnozzi

Stevanović

et al. 2019

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UDC 556.33(450.7) Francesco Fiorillo, Libera Esposito, Mauro Pagnozzi, Zoran Stevanović & Gerardo Ventafridda: Main hydrological features and recharge analysis of the Caposele Spring catchment, southern ItalyThe Caposele spring supplies with water the Puglia region (southern Italy) since the beginning of the twentieth century by a wide and long (about 400 km) gravity-aqueduct system. Systematic spring discharge measurements exist since 1920. The annual mean discharge of spring is about 4 m 3 /sec, the spring catchment of the of Mt. Cervialto karst massif is estimated on more than 100 km 2 . The spring regime is characterised by absence of abrupt peaks in the hydrographs; the flood period occurs in spring-summer time, and the minimum during the autumn-winter time. Thus, the regime is almost opposite that of rainfall which allows a convenient management of the source. The historical data have shown that spring discharge depends also on the hydrological conditions of the previous year because the ''memory effect" of aquifer. The recharge processes have been evaluated using a daily scale recharge model, calibrated on long term annual scale. The results allow to estimate the inertial behaviour of the aquifer, by the difference of recharged and discharged water volume during a hydrological year: after a wet year, an amount of water volume is retained into the aquifer and constitutes the surplus volume stored; after a dry year, the aquifer discharges a water volume higher than the recharged volume (a deficit in storage). Ventafridda: Glavne hidrološke značilnosti in analiza napajanja zaledja izvira Caposele, južna ItalijaIzvir Caposele je od začetka 20. stoletja glavni vodni vir Apulije (južna Italija). Voda je od izvira do mest gravitacijsko speljana po približno 400 km dolgem akvaduktu. Sistematične meritve pretoka potekajo od leta 1920, povprečni pretok izvira je 4 m 3 /s, območje napajanja je kraški masiv gore Cervialto s površino preko 100 km 2 . Značilnosti izvira so odsotnost izrazitih vrhov v pretočnem hidrogramu, visok pretok v pomladansko-poletnem času in nizek pretok v jesensko-zimskem obdobju. Režim pretoka izvira je skoraj obraten od padavin, kar omogoča preprosto upravljanje vodnega vira. Zgodovinski podatki kažejo, da je pretok odvisen od hidroloških razmer v predhodnem letu, kar je posledica velikega »spominskega učinka« vodonosnika. Napajanje sistema smo ocenili na podlagi dnevnega modela napajanja, umerjenega na dolgoročno letno obdobje. Z razliko med napajanjem in odtokom v hidrološkem letu, smo ocenili inercijsko obnašanja vodonosnika. Izkaže se, da se v letu z veliko padavinami presežek napajanja skladišči v vodonosniku, v suhem letu pa je volumen odtoka večji od volumna odtoka.

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“…The multiple methods have been combined with one another, to try to draw on the advantages of different methods to investigate the connectivity and feature of a complex aquifer system [19][20][21][22][23]. Environmental isotope tracers and hydrochemistry ions, which flow with the karst groundwater, are highly efficient in exploring the aquifer system within a specific area and are helpful if combined with other research methods of hydraulic connectivity [24][25][26][27][28][29]. The valuable perspectives and methods for the exploration of hydraulic connectivity have been obtained by adopting cumbersome mathematical derivation and detailed hydrogeological parameters following the methods described by references [30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Perspective to Explore the Hydraulic Connectivity of Karst Aquifer System in Jinan Spring Catchment, China

Zhang

Wang

et al. 2018

Water

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Investigating the hydraulic connectivity of a complex karst aquifer system is an important research topic for sustainable operation and optimization layout of karst groundwater exploitation and recharge. However, the identification of preferential sites of recharge and exploitation is usually subject to regional hydrogeology conditions and the mechanisms of recharge and exploitation. The conventional research methods of hydraulic connectivity often have some limitations. In this study, we developed an improved grey amplitude relation model to explore the hydraulic connectivity in Jinan spring catchment and presented a quantized evaluation index water table fluctuation relation degree (WTFRD) using karst groundwater table data in Western Jinan and Jinan spring groups from 2014 to 2017. Results showed that the total WTFRD was 0.854 between Western Jinan and Jinan spring groups when the external distraction for karst groundwater table was the smallest, which was in high relation degree grade. Meanwhile, the change rules of karst groundwater table in the two sites were basically the same. Accordingly, a high connectivity occurred between the two karst aquifers from a statistical perspective, and further illustrated that Western Jinan could be selected as preferential experiment sites. A comprehensive case in Jinan spring catchment indicated that the WTFRD provided a preliminary idea to investigate hydraulic connectivity quantitatively. This method could be considered as a pre-study of the conventional experiments to form a high-efficiency and low-cost combined method, which has great potential and merits further study.

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The Upwelling Water Flux Feeding Springs: Hydrogeological and Hydraulic Features

Cited by 14 publications

References 32 publications

The Upwelling Groundwater Flow in the Karst Area of Grassano-Telese Springs (Southern Italy)

The Upwelling Groundwater Flow in the Karst Area of Grassano-Telese Springs (Southern Italy)

Main hydrological features and recharge analysis of the Caposele Spring catchment, southern Italy

A New Perspective to Explore the Hydraulic Connectivity of Karst Aquifer System in Jinan Spring Catchment, China

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