The urge to move: From restless legs syndrome to impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease

Abstract

Impulse control disorders (ICDs) are frequent non-motor complications of Parkinson's disease (PD), defined as "behavioural addictions" due to their similarity with substance addiction. These behaviours include pathological gambling and buying, hypersexuality and compulsive eating, as well as ICD-related behaviours (punding, hobbyism and dopamine dysregulation syndrome). They are characterized by a failure to resist an "urge" to behave in a way that may be harmful to patients themselves or to others. The "urge" to move or to behave in a certain way is observed in many physiological and neurological conditions, such as Tourette's syndrome or restless legs syndrome (RLS), and could reflect motor impulsivity, independent of the underlying pathology (Cavanna, Black,

Antidepressant-Like Properties of Intrastriatal Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection in a Unilateral 6-OHDA Rat Model of Parkinson’s Disease

“…The non-motor symptoms of PD are often present before diagnosis occurs in roughly 90% of patients; they dominate the clinical picture of advanced PD and contribute to severe disability, impaired quality of life, and shortened life expectancy [ 13 , 73 , 239 , 240 ]. Furthermore, in contrast to the dopaminergic symptoms of the disease, for which treatment is partially available, non-motor symptoms like depression and anxiety are common symptoms for which there are presently no optimal treatments [ 13 , 74 , 184 , 241 , 242 , 243 , 244 ].…”

Impulse control disorders and related behaviors in Parkinson's disease: risk factors, clinical and genetic aspects, and management

“…PD patients with ICDs have been reported to have an increased prevalence of sleep disturbances, including worse sleep efficiency, RLS symptoms, and daytime sleepiness [46,79–82]. Recent results suggest a common phenomenology of urge to move between RLS and ICDs [83 ▪ ]. PD patients with RLS develop more ICD, especially compulsive eating disorders, and show a different psycho-behavioral profile with more hyperdopaminergic behaviors on the ASBPD scale [82].…”

Impulse-Control Disorders and Restless Legs Syndrome in Parkinson’s Disease: Are they Close Together or Far Apart?

“…Thus, it may be inferred that ICDs and RLS in PD may share a common pathology, with RLS appearing to be a “motor ICD,” as reported by Marques A et al . [ 19 ]…”