The urinary excretion of epitestosterone, testosterone and androstenedione following intravenous infusions of high doses of these steroids in human subjects

Tamm, J.; Volkwein, U.; Starcevic, Z.

doi:10.1016/0039-128x(66)90006-7

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Systematic investigations regarding the biological function and the routes of elimination of steroids have been carried out since the 1930s 1. The first excretion studies were conducted in the 1960s in order to elucidate steroidal metabolic pathways and to calculate respective production rates 2–11. These seminal projects were conducted exclusively using radio‐labelled compounds, accepting the possible risks accompanied with such experiments.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the deuterium/hydrogen ratio of endogenous urinary steroids for doping control purposes

Piper

Thevis

Flenker

et al. 2009

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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The development and application of a combined gas chromatography/thermal conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/TC/IRMS) method for D/H ratio determination of endogenous urinary steroids are presented. The key element in sample preparation was the consecutive cleanup with high-performance liquid chromatography of initially native and subsequently acetylated steroids. This strategy enabled sufficient cleanup off all target analytes for determination of their respective D/H values. Ten steroids (11beta-hydroxyandrosterone, 5alpha-androst-16-en-3alpha-ol, pregnanediol, androsterone, etiocholanolone, testosterone, epitestosterone, 5alpha-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol, 5beta-androstan-3alpha,17beta-diol and dehydroepiandrosterone) were measured from a single urine specimen. Depending on the biological background, the determination limit for all steroids ranged from 10 to 15 ng/mL for a 20 mL specimen. The method was validated by application of linear mixing models on each steroid and covered repeatability and reproducibility. The specificity of the procedure was ensured by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of the sample using equivalent chromatographic conditions to those employed in the GC/TC/IRMS measurement. Within the sample preparation, no isotopic fractionation was observed, and no amount-dependent shift of the D/H ratios during the measurement was noticed. Possible memory effects occurring during IRMS measurements were corrected by applying a simple rule of proportion. In order to determine the naturally occurring D/H ratios of all implemented steroids, a population of 18 male subjects was analyzed. Relevant mean Delta values among selected steroids were calculated which allowed us to study the metabolic pathways and production sites of all the implemented steroids with additional consideration of the corresponding (13)C/(12)C ratios.

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the deuterium/hydrogen ratio of endogenous urinary steroids for doping control purposes

Piper

Thevis

Flenker

et al. 2009

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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“…The excretion of the 17‐acetate of this metabolite is also described after administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate 23. In addition in both administration studies elevated androsterone and etiocholanolone concentrations were obtained from the androstenedione present in the formulations together with an elevated T/E ratio 24–27. The elevated T/E ratio exceeded the WADA action limit for human doping control (T/E ratio = 4) in the urines delivered 0–2 and 2–5 h after the administration of Methyl‐1‐Pro.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 91%

6α‐Methylandrostenedione: gas chromatographic mass spectrometric detection in doping control

Parr¹,

Kazlauskas²,

Schlörer³

et al. 2008

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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In recent years products containing 6alpha-methylandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione have appeared on the sport supplement market. Scientific studies have proven aromatase inhibition and anabolic and mild androgenic properties; however, no preparation has been approved for medical use up to now. In sports 6alpha-methylandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione has to be classified as a prohibited substance according to the regulations of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). For the detection of its misuse the metabolism was studied following the administration of two preparations obtained from the Internet (Formadrol and Methyl-1-Pro). Several metabolites as well as the parent compounds were synthesized and the structures of 3alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-5beta-androstan-17-one, 6alpha-methylandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione, and 5beta-dihydromedroxyprogesterone were confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The main metabolite, 3alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-5beta-androstan-17-one, was found to be excreted as glucuronide and was still detectable in microg/mL amounts until urine collection was terminated (after 25 h). Additionally, samples from routine human sports doping control had already tested positive for the presence of metabolites of 6alpha-methylandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione. Screening analysis can be easily performed by the existing screening procedure for anabolic steroids using 3alpha-hydroxy-6alpha-methyl-5beta-androstan-17-one as target substance (limit of detection <10 ng/mL). Its discrimination from the closely eluting drostanolone metabolite, 3alpha-hydroxy-2alpha-methyl-5alpha-androstan-17-one, is possible as the mono-TMS derivative.

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“…40 Testosterone glucuronide is very low to undetectable in castrates, hypogonadal males, 20 and boys before puberty. 38 As mentioned, androsterone and etiocholanolone are derived from both testosterone and A 4 androstenedione and DHEA. 39 In the study reported in the companion paper, 34 androgen activity was assessed by the excretion of testosterone, epitestosterone, androsterone, and etiocholanolone.…”

Section: Urinary Testosteronementioning

confidence: 94%

“…It has been shown by several groups of investigators that this is not the case. 38 However, this is not a constant or totally predictable response to ACTH. 18 In males, the secretion of A 4 androstenedione is much less than females, and this is not so important a source of circulating testosterone.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Androgen Responses to Stress

Rose

1969

Psychosomatic Medicine

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There is good evidence to support extention of the psychoendocrine model beyond the adrenal to include the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal system. However, androgen secretion and metabolism is more complex than that of cortisol. Total 17-ketosteroids (17-KS) have been used historically to estimate changes in androgen activity. Because they are derived from glucocorticoids, the adrenal androgens as well as testosterone, they are an unreliable index of changes in androgen activity. To properly evaluate alterations in testosterone secretion, which is the most potent of androgens, it is best to measure blood or urinary production rates. It is also possible to measure the excretion of testosterone glucuronide to evaluate the possible inhibition of testosterone secretion during exposure to potential stress.

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The urinary excretion of epitestosterone, testosterone and androstenedione following intravenous infusions of high doses of these steroids in human subjects

Cited by 24 publications

References 12 publications

Determination of the deuterium/hydrogen ratio of endogenous urinary steroids for doping control purposes

Determination of the deuterium/hydrogen ratio of endogenous urinary steroids for doping control purposes

6α‐Methylandrostenedione: gas chromatographic mass spectrometric detection in doping control

Androgen Responses to Stress

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