The USA as a victim of international/transnational terrorism targeting what it is or what it does?

Abstract

Purpose-The USA has been suffering from international/transnational terrorism for decades. There is no consensus on whether this situation is a result of the international status of the USA and the principles it upholds or the policies it embraces in its interaction with the outside world. Design/methodology/approach-This study adopts both the "American Primacy" theory and the "anti-Americanism" theory in its effort to reach a conclusion concerning this issue. This study aims to examine previous research that linked international terrorism to the US hegemony and the principles it abides by and showed the relevance of this perception to the "American Primacy" theory. It also examines the research that considered international/transnational terrorism as a result of the American foreign policy in its various aspects (economic, military, assistance or a whole combination of policies). Findings-This literature on the American foreign policy and international/transnational terrorism was extensive and manifested the explanatory power of the "anti-Americanism" theory, especially in its three variants: issue-oriented, ideological and instrumental. While examining the foreign policy terrorism studies, the relevance of the "American Primacy" theory appeared at very few instances. Originality/value-The study was able to prove that explaining the international/transnational terrorism is related to the foreign policy decisions taken by the American policymakers and cause harm to the outside world. The envy of "American Primacy" is of secondary importance.

Turizem 4.0 – preobrazba turističnih destinacij z uporabo naprednih tehnologij

“…Še vedno se v svetu pojavljajo nerešeni spori v državah na Bližnjem vzhodu, kot so Sirija, Pakistan, Izrael, Iran in Afganistan (Rosenberg, 2017), posledice tega so množične selitve, ki povzročajo begunsko in migrantsko krizo v Evropi (Richardson, Karam in Afiouni, 2019). Nerazrešen vpliv na varnost v svetu imajo trgovinske vojne na primer med ZDA in Kitajsko (Wang in Ge, 2019) ter ZDA in Rusijo (McCarthy, Puffer in Satinsky, 2019), odstop ZDA od jedrskega sporazuma z Iranom (Mulligan, 2018), podnebne spremembe (Mally, 2009;Beck, 2015) in teroristični napadi (Zahra, 2018). Tukaj so še posledice motenj pri zagotavljanju potrebnih virov oziroma pomanjkanje globalnih zalog (Nicita, Ognivtsev in Shirotori, 2013), revščina (Sridhar, 2015), degradacija okolja (Briassoulis, 2017), grožnje, ki so posledica rasti prebivalstva v državah v razvoju, kamor spadata na primer Turčija in Mehika (Mally, 2009), ter druge oblike nasilja, na primer kršitev temeljnih človekovih pravic (pravica do enakosti spolov, pravica do svobode, pravica do zdravja) (Pegram, 2014).…”