The use of a novel tobacco-substitute sheet and smoke dilution to reduce toxicant yields in cigarette smoke

Abstract

The Institute of Medicine encouraged the pursuit and development of potential reduced-exposure products, tobacco products that substantially reduce exposure to one or more tobacco toxicants and can reasonably be expected to reduce the risk of one or more specific diseases or other adverse health effects. One approach to reducing smoke toxicant yields is to dilute the smoke with glycerol. We report chemical, biological and human exposure data related to experimental cigarettes containing up to 60% of a novel glycerol containing "tobacco-substitute" sheet. Analysis of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes showed reductions in yields of most measured constituents, other than some volatile species. In vitro toxicological tests showed reductions in the activity of smoke particulates in proportion to their glycerol content. Human exposure to nicotine was reduced by a mean of 18% as determined by filter studies and by 14% using 24h urinary biomarker analysis. Smoke particulate exposures were reduced by a mean of 29% in filter studies and NNK exposure by similar amounts based on urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol concentrations. These results show that reducing exposure to some smoke toxicants is possible using a tobacco-substitute sheet, although some smoke toxicants, and the sensory attributes of the smoke, remain as technical challenges.

Relationship between cigarette format and mouth-level exposure to tar and nicotine in smokers of Russian king-size cigarettes

“…These regimes, along with descriptions of the analytical methods used to measure smoke constituents in the present study, have been described in detail previously (McAdam et al, 2011(McAdam et al, , 2012) and on the British American Tobacco science website (www.batscience.com).…”

Smoking behaviour and compensation: A review of the literature with meta-analysis

“…The nine forced brand-switching studies published since 2000 (Benowitz et al, 2005(Benowitz et al, , 2009(Benowitz et al, , 2012Feng et al, 2006;Hammond et al, 2005;McAdam et al, 2011;Roethig et al, 2005Roethig et al, , 2007Shepperd et al, 2011) comprise 459 smokers, who at least once switched from their usual brand to a brand differing in machinederived yield. The duration when smoking the 'new' brand ranged from 7 days to 2 years.…”

“…(ii) Studies which investigated the impact of a significant reduction in the nicotine content on smoking behaviour, termed here as 'RNC studies'. In Supplementary data No 2, Table D, data from 19 non-RNC studies 5 are listed (Armitage et al, 1988;Benowitz et al, 1982Benowitz et al, , 1986Benowitz et al, , 2005Benowitz et al, , 2009Fagerström, 1982;Feng et al, 2006;Frost et al, 1995;Guyatt et al, 1989;Haley et al, 1985;Hammond et al, 2005;Kolonen et al, 1988;McAdam et al, 2011;Robinson et al, 1982Robinson et al, , 1983Roethig et al, 2005Roethig et al, , 2007Russell et al, 1982;Shepperd et al, 2011;Zacny and Stitzer, 1988), for which CIs were calculated by applying formulae (2e) and (5). In addition, Table D lists four RNC studies (Benowitz et al, , 2007(Benowitz et al, , 2012Hatsukami et al, 2010), for which nicotine biomarker-based CIs were calculated using formula (2e).…”

Reference change values to assess changes in concentrations of biomarkers of exposure in individuals participating in a cigarette-switching study

“…Two groups of subjects continued to smoke the 1 mg and 6 mg commercial cigarettes for the remaining 4 weeks of the study (commercial control groups CC1 and CC6, respectively), whereas the others were switched to an RTP cigarette with the same ISO tar yield as their usual brand (one 6 mg ISO tar yield RTP, TSS6, or one of two 1 mg ISO tar yield RTPs: TSS1, which contained tobacco-substitute sheet in the blend and high activity carbon and amine-functionalised resin in the filter, or BT1, which contained water and enzyme-treated Virginia tobacco in the tobacco blend and the same filter as TSS1). These products are described in greater detail elsewhere [15,[19][20][21][22]. Urine samples were collected and cigarette consumption recorded in two further periods of clinical confinement (Supplemental Data, Figure 1, which accompanies the article at http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/ cclm.2014.52.issue-3/issue-files/cclm.2014.52.issue-3.xml).…”