The use of a Reflux Classifier for iron ores: Assessment of fine particles recovery at pilot scale

Amariei, Daniel; Michaud, Daniel; Paquet, Guy; Lindsay, Matthew

doi:10.1016/j.mineng.2013.11.011

Cited by 27 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In 2009 the REFLUX TM Classifier technology was re-designed to incorporate this discovery, with the inclined channel spacing reduced to 6 mm for all industrial units. Since then several studies have been published that demonstrate the ability of these narrow channels to efficiently beneficiate coal and iron ore (Galvin et al, 2010;Amariei et al, 2014), but none on mineral sands.…”

Section: Buffermentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-stage recovery and concentration of mineral sands using a REFLUX™ Classifier

Galvin

Zhou

Price

et al. 2016

Minerals Engineering

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The REFLUX™ Classifier is a gravity separation device that consists of a system of inclined channels located above a fluidized bed. Here we report for the first time the results obtained processing a minerals sands feed using narrow 6 mm channels that promote a laminar-shear separation mechanism that enhances the separation based on density. The feed had a head grade of approximately 5 wt.% heavy minerals of density greater than 2800 kg/m 3 , with the majority in the size range from 50 to 150 m. The overall recovery of the heavy minerals component was approximately constant at 85 % for solids throughputs of 10 to 18.5 t/(m 2 h). The unrecovered heavy mineral had an average density close to that of the gangue, hence was deemed unrecoverable by gravity separation. The recovery of the denser and more liberated zirconium mineral exceeded 95 %. So this work demonstrated the potential for the heavy mineral to be upgraded by a factor of 16 or more in a single stage operation.

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Section: Buffermentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-stage recovery and concentration of mineral sands using a REFLUX™ Classifier

Galvin

Zhou

Price

et al. 2016

Minerals Engineering

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“…The configuration of the device can be found as wide channel spacing (chan-nel spacing >6 mm) [7,9] and narrow channel spacing (channel spacing ≤6 mm) [3] inclined channels. Many laboratory-, pilot-scale and full plant-scale developments and research studies have been carried out on the Reflux Classifier TM to separate valuable minerals, such as coal and iron ore from gangue [3,5,7,8,10]. The device has progressed as an excellent gravity separation device [3,10], offering three times higher throughput advantage over the conventional liquid fluidized bed separators [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Many laboratory-, pilot-scale and full plant-scale developments and research studies have been carried out on the Reflux Classifier TM to separate valuable minerals, such as coal and iron ore from gangue [3,5,7,8,10]. The device has progressed as an excellent gravity separation device [3,10], offering three times higher throughput advantage over the conventional liquid fluidized bed separators [5]. In the first pilot plant trial [5], the device was used to separate coal particles of size -2+0.125 mm at high solids loading of 47 t/m 2 h, which was a significantly higher throughput than for a teeter bed separator [5].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

A computational study of a multi-solid-liquid fluidized bed incorporating inclined channels

Hasan

Ahmed

Ahmad

2021

CI&CEQ

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Simulations were performed under continuous processing conditions using the 2D continuum model to describe the internal state of a multi-solid system comprising solid particles of different sizes and densities at the same time. The feed consisted of 35 types of solid particle species with five different sizes, 1.70, 1.20, 0.85, 0.60 and 0.35 mm and seven different densities ranging 1400 to 2000 kg/m3. The simulations results have been used to plot the concentration profiles of solid particles along the bed height. The concentration profiles of the solid particles depicted that the fine dense particles, 0.60 mm, having density equal to 1900 kg/m3 and terminal velocity 0.058 m/s moved downwards and discharged into the underflow. However, the low-density coarse particles, 1.20 mm, having density equal to 1400 kg/m3 and terminal velocity 0.068 m/s moved upwards and conveyed to the overflow, hence, showing a separation process based on the density difference. Furthermore, simulation results showed that the particle species having densities close to the value of the separation relative density exhibited higher concentrations along the system height and the suspension within the system was mainly composed of these species.

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“…Inclined fluidized beds are widely recognized for their significant contributions to various applications, such as the Reflux Classifier (RC). It is extensively used to separate coal and mineral particles of varying sizes and densities in the coal beneficiation and mineral classification industries. − RC consists of a traditional liquid-fluidized bed with a set of parallel inclined plates placed above the fluidization section. Particle sedimentation in an inclined channel is substantially accelerated, and a sharp size classification is possible because of the Boycott effect, which provides a greater effective area for particle settling in comparison to a traditional LSFB. ,,, Previous studies on RC were mostly based on experimental investigations ,,− and theoretical models. ,− The intricacy of the flow and interfacial forces makes it difficult to simulate such systems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analyzing the Influence of Key Model Parameters in Two-Fluid CFD Modeling of an Inclination-Augmented Liquid–Solid Fluidized Bed

Puhan,

Mukherjee,

Atta

2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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To understand the dynamics of liquid–solid flow in an inclined fluidized bed such as the Reflux Classifiers, two-dimensional numerical simulations are performed by using a two-fluid Eulerian model. There are several literature reports available for conventional fluidized beds, and also a few have modeled inclined channels using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models. However, there is still no consensus on how to choose appropriate closure models and sensitive model parameters in the CFD modeling of a liquid–solid fluidized bed containing an inclined section at the top. Here, the influences of various pertinent model parameters like interphase drag force, lift force, solid viscosity model, particle–particle restitution coefficient, and particle-wall specularity coefficient on average solid volume fraction and suspension length are thoroughly demonstrated to realize their impact on the hydrodynamic behavior. This study suggests that for an inclined fluidized bed operated in the laminar regime, choosing suitable drag models and taking lift force into account result in a significant improvement in the model predictions.

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The use of a Reflux Classifier for iron ores: Assessment of fine particles recovery at pilot scale

Cited by 27 publications

References 11 publications

Single-stage recovery and concentration of mineral sands using a REFLUX™ Classifier

Single-stage recovery and concentration of mineral sands using a REFLUX™ Classifier

A computational study of a multi-solid-liquid fluidized bed incorporating inclined channels

Analyzing the Influence of Key Model Parameters in Two-Fluid CFD Modeling of an Inclination-Augmented Liquid–Solid Fluidized Bed

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