The use of an in vitro approach to assess marine invertebrate carboxylesterase responses to chemicals of environmental concern

Characterisation of Plasmatic B-Esterases in Bottlenose Dolphins (Tursiops Truncatus) and Their Potential as Biomarkers of Xenobiotic Chemical Exposures

“…Incubations were run at room temperature for 15 min with either buffer (control), or a carrier (ethanol:buffer) with each one of the selected chemicals of concern at a single 50 μM concentration. Previous works confirmed that the maximum concentration of ethanol (0.1%) do not affect these activities (Omedes et al, 2022;Solé et al, 2021Solé et al, , 2022. The chemicals selected for the in vitro interactions with B-esterases and a description of some of their properties is described in Table 2.…”

“…This is supported by the in vitro evidence of an increasing number of emerging contaminants that express a high affinity for some plasmatic molecules, including enzymes (ChEs and CEs) and transport proteins (albumin), likely disrupting their physiological roles (De Simone et al, 2021). Blood B-esterases responded to in vitro incubations with environmentally relevant chemicals in both mammals (Li et al, 2019) and non-mammalian systems using tissue extracts from fish (Soto-Mancera et al, 2020) and invertebrates (Solé et al, 2021;Nos et al, 2021). Human and mammalian CEs interact with organophosphorus flame retardants-OPFRs (Tsugoshi et al, 2020), per-polyfluoroalkyl substances-PFASs (Liu et al, 2020) and plastic monomers such as bisphenol A (BPA), its analogues and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) (Zhu, 2017).…”

Biomarker responses and metabolism in Lumbricus terrestris exposed to drugs of environmental concern, an in vivo and in vitro approach

“…Briefly, in vitro incubation of the conveniently diluted S9 fraction (n=4) with the selected chemicals was conducted at room temperature with either buffer (control), carrier (ethanol) or the targeted chemical for 15 minutes. After this period, residual esterase (AChE and CE) activity was measured and contrasted with the activity of the control (with no drug), as described in section 2.1.2 for AChE with ATC and for CE with 4NPB as substrates (more details in Solé et al, 2021).…”

“…The chemicals of environmental concern selected were either pharmaceutical drugs (SIM and FENO), or plastic additives such as TCS, TBBPA, TCPP and the phthalates: DMP, DnBP, diBP and DEHP. Some of their characteristics and action over mammalian CEs are reported elsewhere (Solé et al, 2021). The action of these J o u r n a l P r e -p r o o f chemicals over earthworm's S9 CEs fraction was contrasted including human purified isoforms CE1 and CE2.…”

“…The in vivo and in vitro approach testing the suitability of whole tissue biomarker measures was based on former studies with invertebrates assessing several CE substrates and tissues (Otero and Kristoff, 2016;Sanchez-Hernandez and Wheelock, 2009). Recent in vitro studies with CEs suggest they could be used as a proxy of in vivo disturbances of a wide range of chemicals of environmental concern, including endocrine disruptors (Solé et al, 2021).…”