The Use of Asphalt Coatings to Increase Rainfall

Black, J. F.; Tarmy, Barry L.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1963)002<0557:tuoact>2.0.co;2

Cited by 66 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…Since then, it has been shown that many aspects of urbanization can influence daily temperature, including changes in albedo (Black and Tarmy 1963) and evapotranspiration rates (Oke 1987). Grimmond and Oke (1999) found that in 10 major cities, evapotranspiration rates were well below surrounding areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal Temperature Range Variability due to Land Cover and Airmass Types in the Southeast

Scheitlin

Dixon

2010

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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This study examines the relationship between diurnal temperature range (DTR) and land use/land cover (LULC) in a portion of the Southeast. Temperature data for all synoptically weak days within a 10-yr period are gathered from the National Climatic Data Center for 144 weather stations. Each station is classified as one of the following LULC types: urban, agriculture, evergreen forest, deciduous forest, or mixed forest. A threeway analysis of variance and paired-sample t tests are used to test for significant DTR differences due to LULC, month, and airmass type. The LULC types display two clear groups according to their DTR, with agricultural and urban areas consistently experiencing the smallest DTRs, and the forest types experiencing greater DTRs. The dry air masses seem to enhance the DTR differences between vegetated LULC types by emphasizing the differences in evapotranspiration. Meanwhile, the high moisture content of moist air masses prohibits extensive evapotranspirational cooling in the vegetated areas. This lessens the DTR differences between vegetated LULC types, while enhancing the differences between vegetated land and urban areas. All of the LULC types exhibit an annual bimodal DTR pattern with peaks in April and October. Since both vegetated and nonvegetated areas experience the bimodal pattern, this may conflict with previous research that names seasonal changes in evapotranspiration as the most probable cause for the annual trend. These findings suggest that airmass type has a larger and more consistent influence on the DTR of an area than LULC type and therefore may play a role in causing the bimodal DTR pattern, altering DTR with the seasonal distribution of airmass occurrence.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diurnal Temperature Range Variability due to Land Cover and Airmass Types in the Southeast

Scheitlin

Dixon

2010

Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology

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“…Bare, rocky land of volcanic origin may possess such properties, but so would man-made settings, such as a city where the roads are paved with asphalt, and roofs made of red tiles (Black and Tarmy, 1963). Such environments may be classified as 'unintended', in contrast to purpose-built heat islands.…”

Section: Generating Clouds With the Aid Of Heat Islandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The sequence of processes characterizing the heat-island concept was first described in the 1950s and 1960s by Malkus and Stern (1953), Malkus (1963), and Black and Tarmy (1963). The theoretical arguments of Malkus and Stern were based on very rough solutions of the hydrodynamic equations governing atmospheric flows.…”

Section: Generating Clouds With the Aid Of Heat Islandsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstraction of Atmospheric Humidity

Wilderer

Davydova²,

Saveliev³

2011

Treatise on Water Science

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“…Stebbing (1935) proposed creating a West African forest belt to halt erosion, retain soil moisture and hopefully increase rainfall. Black (1963) and Black and Tarmy (1963) offered an alternate solution: replacing soil and vegetation in semiarid regions with asphalt islands to enhance vertical motion and hence convective precipitation. Stebbing (1938) and Aubreville (1949) suggested that the large degree of deforestation occurring in West Africa would eventually diminish rainfall, and even recently the popular press has attributed to current drought conditions in the Sahel to deforestation and desertification.…”

Section: Dustmentioning

confidence: 99%

Land surface atmosphere interaction

Nicholson

1988

Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment

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In recent years, the development of high-speed computers and global meteorological monitoring by satellites has led to rapid improvements in forecast capability on synoptic to seasonal time scales. Short and medium range (1 to 14 day) forecasts are based almost entirely on what is termed dynamical predictability, i.e., prescription of atmospheric fluctuations based on 'internal' forcing through such mechanisms as flow instabilities, non-linear interactions, thermal and orographic forcing, fluctuating zonal winds and tropical/extratropical interactions. The limit of dynamical predictability appears to be about two weeks for synoptic scale flows and about one month for the longer planetary waves (wave numbers 0-4). Atmospheric variability is driven not only by internal dynamics but also by boundary forcing, which is related to external factors such as soil moisture, vegetation, sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), snow and ice cover. The surface is particularly influential in the tropics, where boundary forcing overshadows internal dynamics as a mechanism of interannual variability and the relatively stable major circulation features (Hadley and Walker cells) are prescribed to a large extent by land/sea contrast. Surface forcing is variable in time and space, but on time scales considerably longer than the forcing introduced by internal dynamics and its inclusion in prognostic schemes could improve predictability (Shukla, 1981;Miyakoda, 1982). The persistence (often six months or longer) of the relevant surface properties provides the forecast potential.This has long been recognized as far as the ocean is concerned and SSTs have been used to predict seasonal variations (see for example, the review by Namias and Cayan, 1981). Until recently, however, the role of the land surface has nearly been neglected. The failure to recognize its importance in weather prediction and climate variability can be partially attributed to the inadequate knowledge on the part of atmospheric scientists as to the physical functioning of the surface and also to the lack of adequate data bases for determining the appropriate surface boundary conditions at a given time and place (Dickinson, 1983;Miyakoda, 1982). Now, however, several major efforts are underway to promote research on the relationship between the land surface and climate and to incorporate surface and subsurface processes, including the role of vegetation, at TU Muenchen on July 11, 2015 ppg.sagepub.com Downloaded from

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The Use of Asphalt Coatings to Increase Rainfall

Cited by 66 publications

References 7 publications

Diurnal Temperature Range Variability due to Land Cover and Airmass Types in the Southeast

Diurnal Temperature Range Variability due to Land Cover and Airmass Types in the Southeast

Abstraction of Atmospheric Humidity

Land surface atmosphere interaction

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