The Use of Brain–Computer Interfaces in Games Is Not Ready for the General Public

Active Brain-Computer Interfacing for Healthy Users

“…Both active and passive BCIs are studied as means to interact with games, but both are still far from becoming a widely accepted input for games, which is partly due to low performance. Low popularity of the BCI games in the gamer community can also be related to insufficient attention to studying interaction in BCI games, developing relevant game design and software and hardware solutions (Vasiljevic and de Miranda, 2020 ; Cattan, 2021 ).…”

“…In some cases, BCI-based interaction brings highly paradoxical experience: for example, the long-known feature of control based on alpha rhythm is “the more you try, the less likely is to succeed” (Lucier and Simon, 1980 , cited by Prpa and Pasquier, 2019 , p. 102). User experience is especially important for BCI art (Nijholt, 2019 ; Nijholt et al, 2022 ) but also for BCI games and AR/VR (Vasiljevic and de Miranda, 2020 ; Cattan, 2021 ; Nijholt et al, 2022 ), and even for autonomous driving (where the goal for a BCI is “to further enhance driving comfort in the future” and to open up “revolutionary possibilities for intuitive interaction with the vehicle,” Mercedes-Benz VISION AVTR, 2021 ).…”

“…Moreover, the experience of healthy users of active BCI control was very little studied so far (Vasiljevic and de Miranda, 2020 ; Cattan, 2021 ). The most systematic study, to my knowledge, was conducted by Schmid and Jox ( 2021 ), who engaged (apart from professional BCI researchers and developers) only three participants with regular BCI use experience (BCI gamers).…”

“…As the previous two sections suggest, the development of active BCIs for healthy users continued in recent years, but the focus was on applications for which user experience was more valuable than productivity and efficiency. More attention of researchers and developers to experience-related issues can therefore help strongly improve affordability of these BCIs in the near future (Vasiljevic and de Miranda, 2020 ; Cattan, 2021 ).…”

EEG-based classification of visual and auditory monitoring tasks

“…Please note that some portions of this thesis were initially published in [12] signal to enable users to control a variety of applications like video games [13], wheelchairs [14], etc. Several studies have even shown the possibility of using electrical brain activity recorded from sensors placed within the brain to directly control the movement of robots or prosthetic devices [15,16].…”