The use of chemically modified electrodes for liquid chromatography and flow‐injection analysis

Abstract

The use of chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) for liquid chromatography and flow-injection analysis is reviewed. Electrochemical detection with CMEs based on electrocatalysis, permselectivity, ion flow in redox films, and ion transfer across the water-solidified nitrobenzene interface is discussed in terms of improving the stability, selectivity, and scope of electrochemical detectors, and the detection of electroinactive substances. More than 90 references are included.

Electrocatalytic oxidations of biological molecules (ascorbic acid and uric acids) at highly oxidized electrodes

“…The improved electrochemical responses, especially those obtained for some irreversible systems, are very useful for the detection of biologically important compounds such as reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), hydrazine, 6-mercaptopurine, etc. [15][16][17]. However, there is no detailed report dealing with the effects of applications of high oxidation potentials for extended time durations on the detection of uric acid and ascorbic acid separately and simultaneously (in oxide covered GC, Au and Pt electrodes) up to now.…”

Electrochemical and Hyphenated Electrochemical Detectors in Liquid Chromatography and Flow Injection Systems for Drug Compound Analysis

“…There is an extensive literature devoted to the development of modified electrodes and their application in hydrodynamic systems [9,[46][47][48][49], but no or few modified electrodes are commercially available for drug compound investigation. Limitations are essentially related to poor electrode storage and operational stability.…”

Column Liquid Chromatography in combination with immobilized enzymes and electrochemical detection and its applications in some industrial processes

“…Previous attempts to determine uric acid and urea were unsuccessful due to insufficient chromatographic separation efficiency, which lead to the develoDment of the IMER-based CLC svstem LAAOX where the IMER was positioned prior to the injection 2-keto acid + NH, + loop. The reason for positioning the IMER here was due HZO, (26) to inactivation of the enzyme activity using phosphoric acid as the mobile phase. …”