Outpatient surgical procedures are now more common than inpatient procedures, given the development of less invasive techniques, the drive for health care effi ciency, and improvements in anesthesia and pain manage ment. [1][2][3][4] Postoperative pain management after outpatient pro cedures often includes lowpotency or lowdose opioids. 5 Codeine use is widespread in this setting and codeine remains the most commonly prescribed opioid in many countries, includ ing Canada. [6][7][8][9] However, its efficacy is variable, its potency is low and its use is associated with risks of severe adverse effects and misuse. 10 Amid the ongoing opioid crisis, management of pain and potential opioid misuse is important across all medical and dental specialties. 11 Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are an alter native to lowpotency opioids. The potency, effects and toxicity of NSAIDs depend on the degree to which they inhibit cyclooxy genase 1 and 2 activity. Their main adverse effects are gastro intestinal bleeding, renal impairment and myocardial infarction with longterm use. [12][13][14][15] Postoperative pain can be effectively managed with NSAIDs, and NSAIDs have been shown to reduce opioid consumption in postoperative patients. 16 Given how commonly these medications are used, and the uncer tainty in their comparative efficacy and safety, we sought to compare pain and safety outcomes for codeinebased medications and NSAIDs among adults who underwent outpatient surgery through a system atic review and metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs).