The Use of Computer‐based Programming Environments as Computer Modelling Tools in Early Science Education: The cases of textual and graphical program languages

Modeling and the Future of Science Learning

“…Hansen, Barnett, MaKinster, and Keating (2004) say that three-dimensional computer modeling in particular can aid students' understanding of spatially oriented concepts-something supported by Piburn et al (2005). However, Sins, Savelsbergh, and van Joolimngen (2005) observe that even when teaching using computer-based modeling, we need to provide scaffolding, for example, involving the use of exemplars for modeling, and Louca and Zacharia (2008) say that the nature of the program used to deliver the CAI also influences modeling behavior of students (e.g., software that encourages conversations and argumentation about models and modeling). It does seem that a key issue in students' ability to utilize modeling as a cognitive tool is their epistemology of models and modeling (Develaki, 2007;Matthews, 2007).…”

Examining how students’ knowledge of the subject domain affects their process of modeling in a computer programming environment

“…The most important criterion to consider when selecting a CPE for modeling purposes is the programming language that each CPE uses. Louca and Zacharia (2008) distinguish between textual program languages (Papert 1993) and graphical program languages (Singh and Chignell 1992). In the case of textual program languages, a specific written language is used for programming, whereas in the case of graphical program languages programming is done by demonstration, using ''click-and-drag'' techniques (Smith and Cypher 1999).…”

“…Prior research has well documented that computer-based programming environments (CPEs) can be used as modeling tools (e.g., Louca and Zacharia 2008, 2014Louca et al 2011Sherin 2001;Sherin et al 1993). In particular, the program language of the CPE can be used as the modeling medium.…”

“…Consequently, an individual's modeling-based learning varies according to the modeling tool used. According to the literature, modeling can be enacted through various tools , with computer-based tools appearing to be the most promising for modeling-based learning (Barab et al 2001;Fretz et al 2002;Louca and Zacharia 2008, 2014Louca et al 2011Pata and Sarapuu 2006;Penner 2001). Their popularity is grounded in the unique capabilities they offer when used for modeling-based learning, such as allowing the creation and visualization of abstract objects and entities, and the creation of dynamic representations which permit observations similar to those observed in the real world (Sins et al 2005).…”

“…Extant research shows that the quality and functionality of a model depend on the tool used (Louca and Zacharia 2008;Papaevripidou et al 2007). Consequently, an individual's modeling-based learning varies according to the modeling tool used.…”