The use of contingency contracting in educational settings: A review of the literature

Abstract

Respecting individual differences among students and meeting their unique needs may be one of the greatest challenges faced by teachers. When having a heterogeneous group of students, teachers need to consider a variety of instructional methods. The literature details a large number of teaching strategies supported by research findings, and the purpose of this review is to add to the literature by highlighting important information obtained from research on contingency contracting. This information includes the steps for creating and implementing contingency contracting, types of students with whom it can be used, and types of skills and behaviors that can be targeted. The review results show that contingency contracting is an easy-to-implement strategy that can be effectively used to teach both academic and non-academic skills to students with different characteristics. The results also suggest several practical implications for teachers and several areas of research that need further investigation.

Effectiveness of Habit Reversal and Contingency Management Techniques on Study Habit Behaviour of Secondary School Students

“…The study also showed that Contingency Management Technique (CMT) has effect on the study habits among students. The empirical studies confirmed that CMT is effective in increasing inactive behaviour of academic and non academic activities among students (Alwahbi, 2020;Irons et al, 2013). It was also effective in reducing truant behaviour which may affect their study habit in the school (Josephine, 2014;Oliha, 2013;Josephine & Audu, 2013)…”

“…Research evidences have shown that CMT reduce negative behaviour to good behaviour (Pringsheim et al (2019). Similarly, this same technique is also enhancing the positive behaviour (Alwahbi, 2020). To the best knowledge of the researcher, no study has combines the two counselling techniques on students study habit in Lagos State.…”

Education Sector Open Government: A Bibliometric Analysis

“…Information about tenders, along with supporting documents, is shared with the general public (Schomaker, 2020). This may include the project rationale, basic cost and budget information, technical documents and feasibility studies, notification of procurement plans, procurement methods, contracts awarded, contractor names, contract renewals, performance indicators, as well as appeals and procurement decisions (Alwahbi, 2020).…”

Konseling Individu Teknik Behavior Contract untuk Mengurangi Perilaku Membolos Sekolah di SMK

“…Di sini konselor dan siswa juga menentukan waktu berjalannya kontrak dan berakhirnya kontrak. Lalu, kontrak tersebut bersama-sama disepakati konselor dan siswa dengan menyertakan identitas diri dan tanda tangan yang bersangkutan (Alwahbi, 2020;Rahmadhony, 2019).…”