The use of conversation-based programming in public libraries to support integration in increasingly multiethnic societies

Abstract

This paper theoretically explores how conversation-based programming in public libraries might support meaningful interactions between immigrants and individuals from the dominant ethnic group, and as a result, facilitate integration. The theoretical lens consists of Intergroup Contact Theory and a social-psychological model of integration. Four examples of library-based conversationbased programming are given in order to illustrate and expand upon the theoretical discussion: the Women's Story Circle at the Reykjavik Public Library in Iceland; Expat Dinners at public libraries in Denmark; the Memory Group at the Torshov branch of the Deichman Library in Norway; and the Språkhörnan programme at Malmö City Library in Sweden. Based on these examples, conversation-based programming shows potential for supporting integration through its ability to support, to varying degrees, equal status contact, common goals, intergroup cooperation and explicit social sanction, as well as the extensive and repeated contact needed for intergroup friendships to be established.

Theorizing Public Libraries as Public Spheres in Library and Information Science

“…As public libraries have a strong mandate to serve the whole community through various inclusive practices [25], Alexander's civil sphere theory, with its heavy focus on solidarity, can be helpful when theorizing the democratic and inclusive mission of public libraries. Lacking in Alexander's theory is a focus on the public sphere as a place, as a physical location, an aspect that is captured by Habermas' theory, as well as other theories of public spheres, particularly those developed by Richard Sennett [26][27].…”

Friendship potential: Conversation-based programming and immigrant integration

“…However, in a previous article by the author (Johnston, 2016b), it was argued that, though the research is promising, the existence of a language cafe or conversation circle does not guarantee the expansion of social networks across intercultural lines. Using Gordon Allport’s (1979) Contact Theory, the article proceeded to provide a firm theoretical basis for how conversation-based programming might support fruitful interactions between immigrants and community members – typically members of the majority – thus reducing divides in social networks that run along ethnic group lines.…”

“…Afterwards, the participants and volunteers break off into small groups and discuss the topic or theme. Programmes are generally informal and attended on a drop-in basis (Johnston, 2016b).…”

“…Previous studies and reports have indicated that conversation-based programming in public libraries supports language learning, facilitates informal information exchange related to various aspects of societal life, expands participants’ social networks and fosters integration (Atlestam and Myhre, 2014; Fisher et al, 2004; Gundersen, 2011; Hjerpe, 2014; Johnston, 2016a, 2016b; Johnston and Audunson, 2017; Ulvik, 2010).…”

Supporting immigrants’ political integration through discussion and debate in public libraries

“…For example, a study on a language cafe at Malmö City Library in Sweden found that the program supports language learning, expansion of social networks, as well as, information exchange relevant to economic and social integration, yet showed limited evidence for information exchange relevant to political integration. However, the study called for further research on the topic acknowledging that such programs might support political integration in other ways (Johnston, 2016a(Johnston, , 2016b.…”