The use of enhancement material in grounding system: a review

Abstract

<p>This paper reviews the improvement of grounding impedance in grounding system by means of enhancement materials. Various enhancement materials for the past 20 years will be reviewed according to their advantages and disadvantages, followed by a focus on the technique for proper measurement set up based on the standard. In addition to that, the condition of enhancement materials under high voltage exposure is reviewed. Many researchers claim that soil resistivity, moisture content, and surrounding environment are the most contributed to the grounding system specifically on the grounding impedance. Hence, the utilization of enhancement materials is essential in order to maintain the grounding system performance.</p>

Time Defendability of Ground Resistance Properties and Its Application of Vitric Tuff on the Development of Ground Enhancement Material

“…This condition indicates that the vitric tuff resistivity is influenced by moisture content. The higher the resistivity, the lower the resistivity (Azmi et al, 2019;IEEE Standards Association, 2012).…”

“…The strong La Nina phenomenon also affects clouds and precipitation to increase lightning intensity (Ghosh et al, 2019). The high activity of lightning can cause danger, so lightning protection is needed (Azmi et al, 2019;Bakar et al, 2020). Lightning protection aims to protect and reduce the risk of harm to living things, buildings, electricity, electronic equipment, telecommunications, and lightning activity.…”

“…Thus, the resistivity must be made as small as possible so that maximum conductivity is obtained. Factors that affect soil resistivity include moisture content, with optimal decline occurring at concentrations above 30% and generally influenced by materials with high adsorption power (Azmi et al, 2019;Bakar et al, 2020;IEEE Standards Association, 2012;Martin et al, 2019;Wan Ahmad et al, 2018). To make the material more porous, increase the adsorption power, including thermal, hydrothermal, and solution treatment (Jozefaciuk and Bowanko, 2002;Kurniasari et al, 2011;Lu et al, 2009;Martin et al, 2019).…”

A novel approach for grounding resistance estimation

“…Researchers have lately begun investigating if the waste product may be used in a grounding system. In the reduction of grounding resistance, several types of industrial waste products have been identified [18]. Fly ash is produced when coal is burned in a power station.…”

Analysis of the performance of grounding grids buried in heterogeneous soil under impulse current

“…This makes the behaviour of grounding systems an objective for different investigations, and which have been improved by several simulations and practical tests cited as follow: Ramlee et al [3] have studied the use of multiple grounding points on the lightning phenomenon. Azmi et al [4] have improved the grounding system impedance by adding enhancement materials in the surrounding of the studied electrode. Parise et al [5] have studied the efficiency of grounding system safety by studying the step/touch voltages in the studied system.…”