The Use of Fertilizers and Pesticides in Wheat Production in the Main European Countries

Abstract

The aspects highlighted in this paper refer to the application of fertilizers and plant protection products to the wheat crop, and their impact on total production, competitiveness in export markets, price optimization as a result of increased harvest quality, and not least row, ensuring farmers’ incomes. The present analysis concerned the areas cultivated with wheat, and the productions achieved in relation to the quantities of fertilizers and protection products used in wheat cultivation, in Romania, Germany, Spain, France, Italy, Hungary, Poland and the UK. The analysis highlighted that, the average productions are influenced both by the technology used, by the fertilization and treatments applied, as well as by other synergistic factors that intervene in wheat crops. In countries such as Spain and Italy, the correlation between the amounts of N (nitrogen), P2O5 (phosphorus), K2O (potassium) and the average production of wheat is insignificant, but in Romania and Hungary, there is a strong, direct connection between the number of fertilizers used and the average wheat crop yield. In Romania and Hungary, there is a very significant connection, but the production link average with pesticides is negative, while in Germany, the correlation is direct and quite intense for all types of fertilizers used, while the use of pesticides has a lower influence on average wheat production. In this study, we also applied a multiple regression model; in which the dependent variable was the average yield of wheat per ha and the independent variables were the average quantity of pesticides and fertilizers used. We used the “t Stat” values for each coefficient to determine whether the coefficient is equal to zero; where a high value of “t Stat”, greater than 2; indicates the fact that the coefficient is significantly different from the value zero. The “p-value” for each coefficient indicates the probability that the coefficient has the value zero. A value below the significance level of 5% results in a coefficient significantly different from zero and with an impact on the dependent variable. The use of fertilizers on wheat crops has a synergistic effect as shown by the multiple linear regression analysis which demonstrated a strong direct relationship, particularly with the amount of N, K2O and P2O5 applied.

Use of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles (nZVIs) from Environmentally Friendly Synthesis for the Removal of Dyes from Water—A Review

“…Additionally, contaminants like met-als and hydrocarbons originate from vehicle emissions. Agricultural pollution primarily results from the runoff of fertilizers [30] and pesticides [31] into water streams, often containing nitrogen, phosphorus, or sulfur, which subsequently leads to soil contamination and groundwater pollution [32]. However, the most significant and dangerous source of pollution comes from industrial activities, given the multitude of materials and substances present in industrial wastewater.…”

Principal Component Analysis of Selected Indicators of Wheat in European Countries

“…We know that the yield of wheat is most affected by the application of adequate fertilizers and pesticides, which is also the case with other crops. Some authors [6] investigated the factors that most affect wheat yields in European countries and observed that the applied technology in production, the type and number of treatments with fertilizers and pesticides, etc., are equally important. They found an insignificant correlation between applied nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and average wheat production in countries like Spain and Italy, while in Romania and Hungary this correlation is very strong.…”

Assessing the Impact of Nitrogen Fertilization, Variety Selection, Year and Their Interaction on Wheat Yield and Yield Components

“…Yield at harvest is a genetically controlled trait [13,14]. However, environmental factors and farming practices often lead to variations in yield [15][16][17]. Yield variability in wheat is influenced by several agronomic factors, with nitrogen management being crucial among them.…”