The Use of FORMULA DIETS Administered via Polyethylene Tube or Orally for CONSTANT INTAKE (BALANCE) STUDIES

Olson, Florence; Michaels, George D.; Partridge, John W.; Boling, Lenore; Margen, Sheldon; Kinsell, Laurance W.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/1.2.134

Cited by 12 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…In order to study the influence of calorific intake and to eliminate possible slips due to diet, the calorific level was adjusted substituting fat with carbohydrates. This substitution was previously accepted to be without any influence on the cholesterol level 47. 48 Feeding experiments with a formula diet, containing PUFAs and prepared by homogenizing a mixture of vegetables, fruits, carbohydrates, fats, proteins and other food material, showed that fat rich in “unsaturated fatty acids” decreased the cholesterol level and even more that of cholesterol esters 49–51.…”

Section: Guidelines For a Healthy Lifestylementioning

confidence: 91%

“…Thus, the argument for the correlation of cholesterol intake with atherogenesis46 is not substantiated. The misinterpretation of cholesterol lowering by the feeding experiments49–51, 85 with a formula diet47, 48 is further supported by the feeding experiments of Mozaffarian et al 86. who fed volunteers with a normal diet.…”

Section: Censure For Establishing Erroneous Health Guidelines: Whamentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Many years later this finding apparently prompted Grundy and Denke66 as well as Mattson and Grundy,89 to investigate the correlation between saturated fatty acid chain length and their effect on serum cholesterol level 66. 89 Unfortunately, they used the same formula diet as suggested by Kinsell et al 47. and Ahrends et al 48…”

Section: Censure For Establishing Erroneous Health Guidelines: Whamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…80, 81 Based on the feeding experiments of Kinsell et al. and Ahrends,49–51 Denke66 and others89 experimented with a formula diet prepared by homogenization of food components 47. 48 The diet was given to volunteers without considering that the homogenization process would induce lipid peroxidation in animal24 as well as in plant‐derived food 25.…”

Section: Censure For Establishing Erroneous Health Guidelines: Whamentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Action of Peroxyl Radicals, Powerful Deleterious Reagents, Explains Why Neither Cholesterol Nor Saturated Fatty Acids Cause Atherogenesis and Age‐Related Diseases

Spiteller¹,

Afzal²

2014

Chemistry A European J

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Cells respond to alterations in their membrane structure by activating hydrolytic enzymes. Thus, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are liberated. Free PUFAs react with molecular oxygen to give lipid hydroperoxide molecules (LOOHs). In case of severe cell injury, this physiological reaction switches to the generation of lipid peroxide radicals (LOO(·)). These radicals can attack nearly all biomolecules such as lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, nucleic acids and enzymes, impairing their biological functions. Identical cell responses are triggered by manipulation of food, for example, heating/grilling and particularly homogenization, representing cell injury. Cholesterol as well as diets rich in saturated fat have been postulated to accelerate the risk of atherosclerosis while food rich in unsaturated fatty acids has been claimed to lower this risk. However, the fact is that LOO(·) radicals generated from PUFAs can oxidize cholesterol to toxic cholesterol oxides, simulating a reduction in cholesterol level. In this review it is shown how active LOO(·) radicals interact with biomolecules at a speed transcending usual molecule-molecule reactions by several orders of magnitude. Here, it is explained how functional groups are fundamentally transformed by an attack of LOO(·) with an obliteration of essential biomolecules leading to pathological conditions. A serious reconsideration of the health and diet guidelines is required.

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Section: Guidelines For a Healthy Lifestylementioning

confidence: 91%

Section: Censure For Establishing Erroneous Health Guidelines: Whamentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Censure For Establishing Erroneous Health Guidelines: Whamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Censure For Establishing Erroneous Health Guidelines: Whamentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Action of Peroxyl Radicals, Powerful Deleterious Reagents, Explains Why Neither Cholesterol Nor Saturated Fatty Acids Cause Atherogenesis and Age‐Related Diseases

Spiteller¹,

Afzal²

2014

Chemistry A European J

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“…The effects of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids on lowering blood cholesterol was most clearly demonstrated in the liquid formula diet experiments of Kinsell and Ahrens, 15,16 which did not involve changing the rest of the diet. In contrast when saturated fat was used in the liquid formula diet, blood cholesterol rose.…”

Section: Dietary Fatty Acidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease

Getz

Reardon

2007

ATVB

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We present this excellent review as a cautionary tale of the potential danger that can befall populations "emerging" from poverty. The availability to such populations of relatively inexpensive, high caloric, but atherogenic foods may provide the cure for a variety of "deficiency" diseases associated with poverty, but may also increase the incidence of diabetes, obesity, hypertension and atherosclerotic vascular disease. It behooves us to learn from past experiences and to provide the support and guidance that will assure that such populations emerge into health.Abstract-The major cardiovascular diseases affecting the developed world have at their core atherosclerosis and hypertension, both of which are profoundly affected by diet and can be approached, at least in part, from a nutritional point of view, as can the increasing "epidemic" of obesity. Diet is a multi-component mixture of many nutrients, which may interact with one another. The definitive study of nutrients and their impact on cardiovascular disease can be a daunting enterprise. Many dietary risk factors contribute to these diseases in various environmental and ethnic settings. These risk factors are often in evidence in youth so that preventive measures must be initiated early in life. Although most of the information about nutritional risk factors and cardiovascular disease derives from studies in the developed world, the situation is rapidly evolving toward epidemic proportions in the developing world where a major burden on the economy and health services will be imposed. (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc

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Electrolyte-Free Liquid Formula Diet

Vertes¹

1960

JAMA

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The Use of FORMULA DIETS Administered via Polyethylene Tube or Orally for CONSTANT INTAKE (BALANCE) STUDIES

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

The Action of Peroxyl Radicals, Powerful Deleterious Reagents, Explains Why Neither Cholesterol Nor Saturated Fatty Acids Cause Atherogenesis and Age‐Related Diseases

The Action of Peroxyl Radicals, Powerful Deleterious Reagents, Explains Why Neither Cholesterol Nor Saturated Fatty Acids Cause Atherogenesis and Age‐Related Diseases

Nutrition and Cardiovascular Disease

Electrolyte-Free Liquid Formula Diet

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