“…The use of self-hypnosis to reduce pain has been documented by a variety of theorists (Barber, 1982;Crasilneck & Hall, 1985;Hilgard & Hilgard, 1975;Sacerdote, 1982). Finally, the use of tapes as an adjunct to self-hypnosis has been evaluated, with equivocal results (Hammond, 1987;Lieberman, Fishers, Thomas, & King, 1968;Paul & Trimble, 1970). The effectiveness of tapes has been confounded by the use of a variety of other techniques and procedures.…”