The use of gamma irradiation in preparation of polybutadiene rubber nanopowder; Its effect on particle size, morphology and crosslink structure of the powder

Abadchi, Majid Rezaei; Jalali‐Arani, Azam

doi:10.1016/j.nimb.2013.11.016

Cited by 22 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…The enhancement of the gel fraction and the diminishing swelling ratio at higher radiation dose were due to the increase in insoluble polymer fraction in UFPNR [24]. This phenomenon was attributed to the increased inter-molecular crosslink in UFPNR [7,25]. The plot in Figure 2b confirmed the increased crosslinking of UFPNR at higher radiation dose, as it showed a decrease in molecular weight between the crosslink of UFPNR.…”

Section: Effect Of Radiation Dose On Swelling Behavior Of Ufpnrmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…The reactivity of coagent plays an important role during the irradiation process. Coagent can either suppress non-network-forming side reactions or generate additional crosslinks to increase the crosslinking density of the polymer network [6], and physical and thermal properties of vulcanized polymer are strongly affected by coagent [25]. In this work, the effect of acrylate coagents, which had different numbers of functional The effect of radiation dose on the thermal properties of UFPNR was analyzed by using TGA and DSC.…”

Section: Effect Of Coagent On Swelling Behavior Of Ufpnrmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

et al. 2021

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Ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered natural rubber (UFPNR) has a promising application as a renewable toughening modifier in polymer matrices. In this work, the effects of acrylate coagents, which had different amounts of functional groups, on properties of UFPNR produced by radiation vulcanization and spray-drying was systematically investigated for the first time. Dipropylene glycol diacrylate (DPGDA), trimethylol propane trimethaacrylate (TMPTMA), and ditrimethylol propane tetraacrylate (DTMPTA) were used as coagents with two, three, and four acrylate groups, respectively. The radiation in the range of 250 to 400 kGy and coagent contents of up to 11 phr were used in the production process. Physical, chemical, and thermal properties of the UFPNR were characterized by swelling analysis, scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and differential scanning calorimetry. The properties of UFPNR produced by using different type and content of coagents were compared and discussed. The results revealed that UFPNR with the smallest particle size of 3.6 ± 1.1 μm and the highest thermal stability (Td5 = 349 °C) could be obtained by using DTMPTA, which had the highest amount of functional group. It was proposed that the coagent with the greater number of acrylate groups enhanced the crosslinking of natural rubber as it had more reactive groups. Finally, an application of UFPNR as a toughening filler in rigid PVC was demonstrated with 34% improvement of impact strength.

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Section: Effect Of Radiation Dose On Swelling Behavior Of Ufpnrmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Effect Of Coagent On Swelling Behavior Of Ufpnrmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

et al. 2021

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“…The average particle size of the UFPNR-g-PSs was measured from 300 particles, and found to reduce from 10.64 ± 3.98 µm to 7.33 ± 3.49 µm, 6.15 ± 3.48 µm, and 5.95 ± 3.03 µm with increasing radiation doses from 50 kGy to 100, 200, and 300 kGy, respectively. It is possible that an influence of radiation doses on formation of a more crosslinked network and on modification the rubber surface could reduce the tackiness of rubber lattices leading to formation of lower agglomerated and smoother surface particles along with smaller particle sizes [ 7 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The smoother spherical surfaces along with less aggregation and more dispersed particles of UFPNR-g-PAN (5 phr), were observed with increasing the radiation dose in a range of 100 to 300 kGy ( Figure 18 b–d). This is due to formation of more crosslinked network after radiation which reduce the tackiness of rubber lattices [ 7 ]. Furthermore, it was found that the average particle size of the UFPNR-g-PANs was from 7.73 ± 3.29 µm to 6.95 ± 3.33 µm, 6.62 ± 2.90 µm and 6.39 ± 2.71 µm with increasing radiation doses from 50 kGy to 300 kGy, respectively.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered natural rubbers (UFPNRs) have been developed and demonstrated high potential as a toughening filler in a polymer matrix [ 1 , 2 ] with competitive performance compared to ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered rubbers (UFPRs) based on synthetic rubbers, such as styrene-butadiene (UFPSBR) [ 3 , 4 ], nitrile-butadiene (UFPNBR) [ 5 , 6 ] and polybutadiene rubber (UFPBR) [ 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Radiation Graft-Copolymerization of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber: Effects of Styrene and Acrylonitrile Contents on Thermal Stability

et al. 2021

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Graft copolymers, deproteinized natural rubber-graft-polystyrene (DPNR-g-PS) and deproteinized natural rubber-graft-polyacrylonitrile (DPNR-g-PAN), were prepared by the grafting of styrene (St) or acrylonitrile (AN) monomers onto DPNR latex via emulsion copolymerization. Then, ultrafine fully vulcanized powdered natural rubbers (UFPNRs) were produced by electron beam irradiation of the graft copolymers in the presence of di-trimethylolpropane tetra-acrylate (DTMPTA) as a crosslinking agent and, subsequently, a fast spray drying process. The effects of St or AN monomer contents and the radiation doses on the chemical structure, thermal stability, and physical properties of the graft copolymers and UFPNRs were investigated. The results showed that solvent resistance and grafting efficiency of DPNR-g-PS and DPNR-g-PAN were enhanced with increasing monomer content. SEM morphology of the UFPNRs showed separated and much less agglomerated particles with an average size about 6 μm. Therefore, it is possible that the developed UFPNRs grafted copolymers with good solvent resistance and rather high thermal stability can be used easily as toughening modifiers for polymers and their composites.

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Study on the morphology, static and dynamic mechanical properties of (styrene butadiene rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer/organoclay) nanocomposites vulcanized by the gamma radiation

Naseri

Jalali‐Arani

2016

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Blends of styrene-butadiene rubber/ethylene-propylene-diene monomer (SBR/EPDM) with and without organoclay (OC) were prepared by melt mixing method. Then the samples were vulcanized by gamma radiation in comparison to conventional sulfur curing system. Characterization by X-ray diffraction analysis, atomic force microscopy, and Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed the intercalation structure and good dispersion of the OC in prepared nanocomposites. In addition to this, by increasing the absorbed dose of radiation and using OC, reduction in solvent uptake, increase in crosslink density and improvement of mechanical and dynamic-mechanical properties were observed. Comparison of the tensile strength of irradiated nanocomposite with the sulfur cured one's displayed the synergistic effect of the OC and gamma radiation on tensile properties of SBR/EPDM blend. Mooney-Rivlin plot confirmed the increase in crosslink density and interaction between rubbers due to presence of OC and increasing absorbed dose.

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The use of gamma irradiation in preparation of polybutadiene rubber nanopowder; Its effect on particle size, morphology and crosslink structure of the powder

Cited by 22 publications

References 20 publications

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

Effects of Coagent Functionalities on Properties of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber Prepared as Toughening Filler in Rigid PVC

Radiation Graft-Copolymerization of Ultrafine Fully Vulcanized Powdered Natural Rubber: Effects of Styrene and Acrylonitrile Contents on Thermal Stability

Study on the morphology, static and dynamic mechanical properties of (styrene butadiene rubber/ethylene propylene diene monomer/organoclay) nanocomposites vulcanized by the gamma radiation

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