The use of inactivators in the evaluation of disinfectants

MacKinnon, I. H.

doi:10.1017/s0022172400024013

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…A Tween 80). Results of preliminary studies in our institution and elsewhere (10) have indicated that these neutralizers are effective in inactivating the small amount of antiseptic (chlorhexidine or povidone-iodine) that may be left as a residue on the skin of a patient following a shower or surgical scrub. Portions of 100 ,ul of the freshly inoculated broth were then spread onto staphylococcal medium 110 (S110) (Difco) and Silo agar containing 6 pug of nafcillin per ml (SllON6).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-level colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and emergence of the organisms during surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis

Kernodle

Barg

Kaiser

1988

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

105

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By use of techniques that have been developed to detect small numbers of methicillin-resistant staphylococci, we cultured samples from the nares and subclavian and inguinal areas of 29 patients before and after cardiac surgery and 10 patients before and after coronary angioplasty. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci were recovered before the surgical or angioplasty procedure from 74% of patients. The quantitative recovery of methicillin-resistant isolates before cardiac surgery or coronary angioplasty was compared with the number of methiciflin-resistant staphylococci detected at the same site 3 days after the procedure. In cardiac surgery patients (who received antibiotic prophylaxis), 17 of the 28 sites (61%) in which low-level colonization with methicillin-resistant strains was detected preoperatively contained high levels of methicillin-resistant staphylococci postoperatively. In contrast, coronary angioplasty patients (who did not receive antibiotic prophylaxis) did not have any of the 14 sites containing low levels of methicillin-resistant strains before angioplasty emerge to harbor high levels of methicillin-resistant staphylococci after angioplasty. Methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci from each site in which high levels of methicillin-resistant staphylococci emerged postoperatively were paired with preoperative isolates from the same site. Identical antibiograms and plasmid profile patterns were demobstrated for seven of the pre-and postoperative isolate pairs, suggesting that the high levels of methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci detected on the skin or in the nares after cardiac surgery were derived from methicillin-resistant organisms present at the site preoperatively in much smaller numbers.Two factors have hindered the epidemiologic study of methicillin-resistant (MR) coagulase-negative staphylococci as colonizing flora of hospitalized patients. First, routine skin culture techniques sample only a fraction of the skin's quantitatively complex flora (9,11,16), potentially missing small subpopulations of antibiotic-resistant organisms. Second, organisms that possess the MR genotype may fail to express resistance phenotypically unless they are encouraged to do so by certain laboratory manipulations (growth in salt-supplemented media, incubation at a lower temperature, use of a large inoculum, etc.), further impairing recognition of their presence (1,5,7,14). We adopted culture techniques which ensured that a reasonable fraction of the colonizing flora of a patient would be sampled and which encouraged the phenotypic expression of the MR genotype. We used these techniques to reexplore the epidemiology of MR coagulase-negative staphylococci in cardiac surgery and coronary angioplasty patients. were interviewed with regard to the possible risk factors of prior colonization with MR coagulase-negative staphylococci (hospitalization or antibiotic usage within the last 3 months or time spent in the intensive care unit). After the patients were enrolled...

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-level colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and emergence of the organisms during surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis

Kernodle

Barg

Kaiser

1988

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

105

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“…The need for an adequate neutralizer in some of these applications is well documented and rightfully stressed (2-4, [11][12][13][14]. The selected neutralizer should not only be able to completely inactivate all of the bacteriostatic activity of the residual antimicrobial agent likely to be carried over into recovery media, but also be inherently non-bactericidal to the test organisms (4 (Table 2).…”

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confidence: 99%

“…The neutralizer system, consisting of relatively high levels of Tween 80 (10%) and Asolectin (3%) in diluent and onetenth of these levels in the recovery agar plus 0.3% STS used both in the diluent and in the agar, had no detectable bactericidal effect on any of the test organisms, including S. aureus. The fact that the recovery of S. aureus in the presence of 0.1 or 0.2% STS was not as good as that in the presence of 0.3% STS indirectly indicates the inadequacy of Tween 80 as the sole neutralizer for povidone-iodine (such as Betadine) recently recommended by MacKinnon (11).…”

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confidence: 99%

Development and validation of a neutralizer system for in vitro evaluation of some antiseptics

Sheikh¹

1981

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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A neutralizer system was developed and validated for use in the in vitro bactericidal evaluation of three commonly used antiseptics, namely, Hibiclens (4% [wt/vol] chlorhexidine gluconate), Betadine (7.5% [wt/vol] povidone-iodine), and pHisoHex (3% [wt/vol] hexachlorophene). The neutralizer finally selected after a screening of 12 potential candidates consisted of 3% Asolectin, 10% Tween 80, and 0.3% sodium thiosulfate in diluent, and 0.3% Asolectin, 1% Tween 80, and 0.3% sodium thiosulfate in the recovery agar. This neutralizer system was tested and validated for its neutralizing capacity for the three antiseptics, as well as for its lack of inherent bactericidal action against Staphylococcus aureus and a number of gram-negative bacteria of clinical significance. With no more than a 10-fold dilution of the antiseptic, the selected neutralizer system was 100% effective in neutralizing all the bacteriostatic carry-over of the three antiseptics and was also completely without any inherent bactericidal action against all the test organisms used. Sodium sulfite (considered to be a potential inactivator for iodophores such as Betadine), even in concentrations as low as 0.1%, was found to be ineffective or inherently bactericidal, whereas 0.3% sodium thiosulfate, in combination with Asolectin and Tween 80, was adequate (effective as well as nonbactericidal) and was considered to be essential for the neutralization of the three test antiseptics, namely, Hibiclens, Betadine, and pHisoHex.Chemical agents commonly known as inactivators or neutralizers are often used for (i) the bactericidal evaluation of antimicrobial agents, antiseptics, and disinfectants; (ii) the evaluation of preservative efficacy in many pharmaceuticals, toiletries, and cosmetic products; and (iii) the microbial limit testing ofproducts containing antimicrobial agents. The need for an adequate neutralizer in some of these applications is well documented and rightfully stressed (2-4, 11-14). The selected neutralizer should not only be able to completely inactivate all of the bacteriostatic activity of the residual antimicrobial agent likely to be carried over into recovery media, but also be inherently non-bactericidal to the test organisms (4).As

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“…Those responsible for bacteriological tests ofsurfaces which have been treated with ampholytic disinfectants may be reminded that these agents are highly bacteriostatic. They must be neutralized to enable surviving organisms to grow and make their presence known (MacKinnon, 1974).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The bacteriological status of a specific-pathogen-free animal production building and of its staff and the microbiological integrity of the animals one year after the building was commissioned

Taylor

1974

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYBacteriological contamination of a specific-pathogen-free (SPF) animal production building was more extensive after one year of operation than at the time of commissioning. Throat and nose swabs taken from the staff yielded a number of undesirable organisms, in particular, on one occasion, a Group A streptococcus. It is recommended that a closer bacteriological scrutiny of the staff of SPF production buildings ought perhaps to be made in the light of these findings.

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The use of inactivators in the evaluation of disinfectants

Cited by 28 publications

References 17 publications

Low-level colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and emergence of the organisms during surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis

Low-level colonization of hospitalized patients with methicillin-resistant coagulase-negative staphylococci and emergence of the organisms during surgical antimicrobial prophylaxis

Development and validation of a neutralizer system for in vitro evaluation of some antiseptics

The bacteriological status of a specific-pathogen-free animal production building and of its staff and the microbiological integrity of the animals one year after the building was commissioned

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