The Use of Lime-Treated British Clays in Pavement Construction. Part 1: The Effect of Mellowing on the Modification Process.

Holt, C. C.; HEWISH, R J FREER; HEWISH, R J F

doi:10.1680/itran.1998.31194

Cited by 9 publications

(7 citation statements)

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“…This type of results has been reported by many researchers, such as Little et al (1995), Bell (1996), Freer-Hewish (1998) andBeetham et al (2014). …”

Section: Grain Size Distribution Analysis By Hydrometer Testsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Some studies confirmed the reduction in dry density and increase in the percentages of air voids was due to mellowing periods (Bell, 1996;Holt & Freer-Hewish, 1998;Di Sante et al, 2015).…”

Section: Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (Esem) Analysismentioning

confidence: 89%

“…Effect of mellowing duration on strength at different lime additions (Holt & Freer-Hewish, 1998) Some authors recommend compaction to be executed immediately after lime addition (Osinubi & Nwaiwu, 2006) while others advise a wait of few days (typically 3 to 7 days) in order to obtain a higher quality material or to mitigate swelling in sulfate-bearing soil (Harris et al, 2004;. Harris et al (2004) reported that using 3 days mellowing period resulted in acceptable swell in soils with sulfate contents around 7,000ppm, whereas mellowing of 3 days and 6%…”

Section: Effect Of Mellowing Period On the Lime Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavior of a Lime-Treated Expansive Soil

BELCHIOR¹

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“…This type of results has been reported by many researchers, such as Little et al (1995), Bell (1996), Freer-Hewish (1998) andBeetham et al (2014). …”

Section: Grain Size Distribution Analysis By Hydrometer Testsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…Some studies confirmed the reduction in dry density and increase in the percentages of air voids was due to mellowing periods (Bell, 1996;Holt & Freer-Hewish, 1998;Di Sante et al, 2015).…”

Section: Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (Esem) Analysismentioning

confidence: 89%

Section: Effect Of Mellowing Period On the Lime Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Behavior of a Lime-Treated Expansive Soil

BELCHIOR¹

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“…Previous studies (e.g. Holt & Freer-Hewish, 1998) had not been able to identify whether pozzolanic reactions began to occur immediately upon mixing or once cation exchange was complete, although they did note that long-term strength gains in samples that had not been allowed to mellow were greater. The Boardman et al (2001) results established that pozzolanic reactions do not occur until at least 7 days after mixing.…”

Section: Lime-clay Interactionsmentioning

confidence: 95%

The influences of iron (III) and lead (II) contaminants on lime-stabilised clay

2004

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This paper represents a continuation of the work published by Boardman et al., who concluded that the mechanisms of lime stabilisation were distinctly different for two clays of different mineralogy: English china clay, for which short-term flocculation is dependent on pH and long-term strength is dominated by the production of calcium aluminate hydrate (CAH); and Wyoming bentonite, for which strength is dominated by short-term flocculation that is only enhanced by high pH, and longterm strength is a function of the production of calcium silicate hydrate (CSH). To investigate further these variations in the lime stabilisation mechanisms, and to assess the effects of contamination on the stabilisation and solidification process, the studies were repeated using the two clay minerals contaminated with 5000 ppm of either Pb 2þ or Fe 3þ ions prior to the addition of lime. A similar methodology was adopted as in the previous work, in which the time-dependent physico-chemical mechanisms of reactions were studied by comparing the results from chemical batch leaching tests with the undrained shear strengths and Atterberg limits after three different curing periods. The study concluded that contaminants had a large effect on the initiation and development of the lime-clay reactions both during short-term modification and during the longer-term solidification. However, the effects were found to be clay mineral dependent. It was not possible simply to conclude on the general effects of a particular contaminant, its potential effects having to be considered in relation to the dominant clay mineral. The most profound effects were observed in the mineral with pH-dependent charge (typical of clays commonly found in the UK), where both flocculation and mineral dissolution were substantially altered.

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“…Either lime in the form of quicklime [CaO (s) ] or as hydrated lime [Ca(OH) 2(s) ] has been added to clay soils to improve physical properties for centuries. This process, generally know as lime stabilization, has been beneficial in improving the strength and stiffness characteristics of road foundations (1)(2)(3)(4). To help reduce the need for aggregates, lime treatment has become more widespread, resulting in its use on many types of pozzolanic material, including chemically contaminated material.…”

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confidence: 99%

In Situ Monitoring of Lime-Stabilized Road Subgrade

Boardman

Glendinning

Rogers

et al. 2001

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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Two refined clay minerals, English China Clay (predominantly kaolinite) and Wyoming Bentonite (predominantly sodium montmorillonite), were used to develop a method for assessing the time-dependent physicochemical behavior of lime-treated clay subgrade. The two clays, representing the extremes of structural negative charge development, were treated with two lime contents. Changes in the physicochemistry of the samples were monitored after three curing periods by performing batch leaching tests and by monitoring changes in undrained shear strength and Atterberg limits. The effects of changing the batch test operating parameters and increasing the curing period were assessed by measuring changes in solution pH and conductivity and by analyzing eight elements in solution. The solidification mechanisms caused by lime addition were found to be different for the two minerals. Pozzolanic reactions involving English China Clay and Wyoming Bentonite occurred because of the dissolution of aluminum and silicon from the respective mineral. Development of the batch leaching test showed that changing the operational parameters had no effect on the observed trends associated with the time-dependent modification and solidification reactions. In addition, it was shown that successful solidification could be monitored using simple conductivity measurements without the need for extensive and complex elemental analysis.

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The Use of Lime-Treated British Clays in Pavement Construction. Part 1: The Effect of Mellowing on the Modification Process.

Cited by 9 publications

References 0 publications

Behavior of a Lime-Treated Expansive Soil

Behavior of a Lime-Treated Expansive Soil

The influences of iron (III) and lead (II) contaminants on lime-stabilised clay

In Situ Monitoring of Lime-Stabilized Road Subgrade

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