The Use of Location and Distance in Reproducing Different Amplitudes of Movement

Gundry, John

doi:10.1080/00222895.1975.10735018

Cited by 32 publications

(19 citation statements)

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“…One line of evidence had suggested that distance cues were primarily used in the reproduction of short move- Location Reproduction ments, while location cues principally subserved the reproduction of long movements (Gundry, 1975;Keele, 1968;Keele & Ells, 1972;Marteniuk & Roy, 1972;, Roy & Kelso, 1977Stelmach, 1970;Stelmach et al, 1975). In another series of experiments, distance was reported to be a pervasive cue in the reproduction of end locations for a variety of movement lengths (Walsh, 1981;, 1980Walsh et al, , 1981.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…A pervasive effect of distance information on the reproduction of terminal location has been reported for movements varying in length from 8 em (Walsh, 1981) to 40 em Walsh et al, , 1981. Consequently, such evidence has been used to argue against the view (Keele, 1968;Stelmach, Kelso, & Wallace, 1975;Gundry, 1975;Roy & Kelso, 1977) that subjects utilize location cues to remember long movements.…”

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confidence: 92%

“…It should be noted that the longest movement length used in any of their studies was 40 em, which is on the lower end of the lengths used in other investigations (Gundry, 1975;Keele & Ells, 1972;Marteniuk & Roy, 1972;Stelmach, 1970). Therefore, the purpose of Experiment 1 was to determine the generalizability of the response bias effect in the reproduction of end location for movement lengths of 20 em (short), 50 em (medium), and 80 em (long).…”

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confidence: 97%

“…In single-distance studies and Marteniuk and Roy (1972), found that the reproduction of relatively long movements (90° and 70°, respectively) was more accurate when both location and distance information was available than when only the latter cue was provided. Gundry (1975) investigated the reproduction accuracy of groups instructed to (a) use location cues to reproduce the endpoint of a 40° movement, (b) use distance cues to reproduce a movement length of 40°, or (c) reproduce the endpoint of different length movements (20°, 40°, or 60°) without specific directions about the type of movement cue (e.g., location or distance) to use. The results indicated that the performance of the no movement-cue condition that reproduced the endpoint of a short movement (20°) was the same as that of the distance-cue group.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Reproducing the End Location of a Positioning Movement

Wrisberg

Winter²

1985

Journal of Motor Behavior

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Two experiments were conducted in an attempt to determine the conditions under which shifts in the starting position of a linear positioning response influenced the reproduction of the end location of movements of various lengths. In Experiment 1, response bias (i.e., shift in constant error) was affected by the direction of the shift in starting position between presentation and recall. For short (20 cm) and medium (50 cm) length movements, this relationship was evident regardless of hand used (left or right), direction of the movement (left to right or right to left), and length of the retention interval (5 or 45 s). However, no relation between response bias and the direction of the starting position shifts was apparent for long (80 cm) movements. The results of Experiment 2 in which more movement lengths were used revealed a response bias that corresponded to shifts in starting position primarily during the first few reproductions of the two shortest movements (20 and 30 cm). However, no systematic bias was evident for any length movement after three reproduction attempts. Possible strategies used by subjects to reproduce the end location of movements of various lengths were discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

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confidence: 92%

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confidence: 97%

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confidence: 99%

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Reproducing the End Location of a Positioning Movement

Wrisberg

Winter²

1985

Journal of Motor Behavior

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“…The intent underlying this question was to evaluate a possible source of error that seemed evident in the design of motor short-term memory studies. A research strategy typically used is to select a limited number of criterion positions and to test each of these positions repeatedly with the same subject, once under several experimental conditions (Craft, 1973;Craft & Hinrichs, 1971;Diewert, 1975;Duffy, Montague, Laabs, & Hillix, 1975;Gundry, 1975;Laabs, 1973Laabs, , 1974Marteniuk, 1973;Marteniuk & Roy, 1972a, 1972bShea, 1977;Stelmach & Walsh, 1973;Stelmach & Wilson, 1970). As discussed elsewhere (Gentile, 1974), this strategy seems analogous to studying verbal short-term memory by presenting a subject with the same trigram over and again for all experimental treatments.…”

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confidence: 97%

Repetition Effects

Nemetz

1978

Journal of Motor Behavior

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A source of possible error in the design of many motor short-term memory studies- the effect of repeated testing of the same criterion positions- was evaluated together with a secondary factor, motivation. Using an arm-positioning task, three groups of five subjects, representing different motivational levels, were tested repeatedly on the same three test positions. Constant and variable error measures indicated significant effects of the repetition factor. Subjects became more accurate with repeated testing of the same positions as reflected by a positive shift in constant error in the direction of the criterion. There was an initial decrease and subjects' motivational level. The apparent assumption in prior studies, that presentations of intervening test items obviates a repetition effect, was clearly refuted. Thus, in many motor short-term memory studies, treatment effects have been inextricably mixed with the effects of repetition.

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Motor Control

Heuer

2003

Handbook of Psychology

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Skilled movements require the determination of motor outflow which is appropriate for a certain intended motor pattern; this poses an intricate control problem because of the complex transformations on the way from neural activity to actual limb movements. Solutions are reached by combinations of feedforward and feedback processes. Feedforward processes start before the physical movement and embrace a representation which anticipates it. This anticipatory representation is involved in control and can be modeled in different ways, for example, as a generalized motor program or as a neural network. Sensory information is required both to adapt the anticipatory movement representation to the environment and for feedback‐based corrections, but it is not necessarily the same kind of information on which perceptual awareness is based. Many tasks require the coordinated action of different limbs. While the interactions between the limbs involved are largely tuned to the task requirements, there are constraints which are hard or even impossible to overcome. These constraints originate at different levels of motor control. Overall motor control reveals a remarkable degree of flexibility in adjusting to new visuo‐motor transformations and force fields.

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The Use of Location and Distance in Reproducing Different Amplitudes of Movement

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Reproducing the End Location of a Positioning Movement

Reproducing the End Location of a Positioning Movement

Repetition Effects

Motor Control

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