The use of nitazoxanide against the pathogens Ichthyophthirius multifiliis and Aeromonas hydrophila in silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen)

Antiparasitic Effect of Cynatratoside-C from Cynanchum atratum against Ichthyophthirius multifiliis on Grass Carp

“…In this study, cynatratoside-C at 2 mg/L completely kills all trophonts and cures the infected grass carp within 48 h. The infective intensity of grass carp exposed to 1 mg/L cynatratoside-C was significantly lower than those at 0.5 and 0 mg/L. Other studies on parasiticides, nitazoxanide at 1.5, 2, or 3 mg/L, showed reduction of approximately 98% in the number of trophonts on infected silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) at 96 h exposure . Bronopol utilized once a day for 27 days at concentrations of 2 and 5 mg/L significantly reduced the number of trophonts on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by 90–98% .…”

“…Other studies on parasiticides, nitazoxanide at 1.5, 2, or 3 mg/L, showed reduction of approximately 98% in the number of trophonts on infected silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) at 96 h exposure. 37 Bronopol utilized once a day for 27 days at concentrations of 2 and 5 mg/L significantly reduced the number of trophonts on juvenile rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by 90−98%. 38 The plant-active drugs dihydrosanguinarine and dihydrochelerythrine from Macleaya microcarpa were effective against I. multifiliis in barbel chub (Squaliobarbus curriculus) with median effective concentration (EC 50 ) values of 5.18 and 9.43 mg/L, respectively.…”

The in vitro and in vivo effect of tannic acid on Ichthyophthirius multifiliis in zebrafish (Danio rerio) to treat ichthyophthiriasis

“…Bath treatments using a variety of chemical compounds such as malachite green (Rintamäki‐Kinnunen et al., ; Ruider, Schmahl, Mehlhorn, Schmidt, & Ritter, ; Schachte, ; Schmahl, Ruider, Mehlhorn, Schmidt, & Ritter, ), formalin (Jorgensen & Buchmann, ; Rowland, Mifsud, Nixon, Read, & Landos, ), copper sulphate (Rowland et al., ; Schlenk, Gollon, & Griffin, ; Straus, ; Straus, Hossain, & Clark, ,b), chloramine‐T and hydrogen peroxide (Rintamäki‐Kinnunen et al., ), potassium permanganate (Straus & Griffin, ), potassium ferrate (VI) (Ling, Wang, Wang, & Gong, ; Ling et al., ), chlorophyllin (Wohllebe, Richter, & Häder, ), tricaine methanesulfonate (Xu, Shoemaker, & Klesius, ) and nitazoxanide (Sutili et al., ) were first studied to overcome I. multifiliis and ichthyophthiriasis in aquatic ecosystems. From the early 21st century, the application of malachite green as a therapeutant in fish farms was forbidden in the EU, North America and many other countries due to its carcinogenic effects on the human health (Sudova, Machova, Svobodova, & Vesely, ).…”