The use of observational methods for monitoring sun-protection activities in schools

Milne, Elizabeth; Giles-Corti, Billie; English, Dallas R.; Cross, Donna; Costa, Christine B.; Johnston, Robyn

doi:10.1093/her/14.2.167

Cited by 23 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…Another study of primary school children in Queensland (15) found that UVR exposures at the shoulder ranged from 21% to 34% of available ambient UVR. A study (23,24) of the sun protection behavior of primary school students in Western Australia measured the median UVR exposures at the shoulder of 15% of available ambient.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of the UVR Protection Provided by Hats Used at School

Gies¹,

Javorniczky²,

Roy³

et al. 2006

Photochem & Photobiology

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The importance of protection against solar ultraviolet radiation (UVR) in childhood has lead to SunSmart policies at Australian schools, in particular primary schools, where children are encouraged and in many cases required to wear hats at school. Hat styles change regularly and the UVR protection provided by some of the hat types currently used and recommended for sun protection by the various Australian state cancer councils had not been previously evaluated. The UVR protection of the hats was measured using UVR sensitive polysulphone film badges attached to different facial sites on rotating headforms. The sun protection type hats included in this study were broad-brimmed hats, "bucket hats" and legionnaires hats. Baseball caps, which are very popular, were also included. The broad-brimmed hats and bucket hats provided the most UVR protection for the six different sites about the face and head. Legionnaires hats also provided satisfactory UVR protection, but the caps did not provide UVR protection to many of the facial sites. The highest measured UVR protection factors for facial sites other than the forehead were 8 to 10, indicating that, while some hats can be effective, they need to be used in combination with other forms of UVR protection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Measurements of the UVR Protection Provided by Hats Used at School

Gies¹,

Javorniczky²,

Roy³

et al. 2006

Photochem & Photobiology

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“…In a study comparing observed and reported sun protection measures, Bennetts et al (83) found that children who did not protect themselves sufficiently tended to overestimate their sun protective behavior. Furthermore, Milne et al (84) showed that observation methods for assessing children's sun-protective behaviors during lunch breaks could be implemented successfully. Third, just as in Scandinavian countries and the Netherlands, the Belgian climate offers an unpredictable number of sunny days.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motives of Belgian Adolescents for Using Sunscreen: The Role of Action Plans

Vries

Mesters

Riet

et al. 2006

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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The first objective of this study was to analyze the differences between adolescents who use sunscreen frequently and those who do not. The second objective was to explore the importance of specific action plans when planning sunscreen use. Data was gathered among 602 Belgian secondary school students. Frequent and infrequent users of sunscreen were compared on several determinants related with sunscreen use, and a regression analysis on sunscreen use was done. Frequent users of sunscreen measures had significantly higher scores on attitudes, social influence, self-efficacy, some awareness factors, intention, and action plans. The integrated model for exploring motivational and behavioral change (I-Change model) explained 57% of the total variance of using sunscreen every 2 hours. Frequent sunscreen use was most strongly predicted by action plans, followed by positive intentions to use sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, seeking shade, attitude toward sunscreen use, education, social influence, and exposure to the sun. Our results suggest that skin cancer prevention programs aimed at promoting sunscreen use need to emphasize the advantages of sunscreen to infrequent users and to increase feelings of self-efficacy. Moreover, support by friends and parents should be stimulated. Finally, developing specific action plans for the use of sunscreen should be promoted to more effectively translate general intentions into actual sunscreen use. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(7):1360 -6)

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“…The primary outcome of the study, hat use at school, was measured by direct observation based on methods described by Milne and colleagues. 14, 15 Hat use at times outside of school (a secondary outcome) was measured by self-report. 16 …”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cluster Randomized Trial of Sun Protection at Elementary Schools

Roetzheim

Love‐Jackson

Hunter

et al. 2011

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Background Elementary schools are one potential venue for sun protection interventions that reduce childhood sun exposure. Purpose To assess Year-2 results from a cluster randomized trial promoting hat use at schools. Design Block randomization was used to assign intervention/control status to participating schools. Data were collected from 2006 to 2008 and analyzed in 2007–2010. Setting/participants Of the 24 schools in the School District of Hillsborough County, Florida enrolled, fourth-graders were targeted in the first year and followed through their 5th-grade year. Intervention Classroom sessions were conducted to improve sun protection knowledge, foster more positive attitudes about hat use, and change the subjective norm of wearing hats when at school. Main outcome measures Year-2 outcomes assessed included hat use at school (measured by direct observation), hat use outside of school (measured by self-report) and skin pigmentation and nevi counts (measured for a subgroup of 439 students). Results The percentage of students observed wearing hats at control schools remained unchanged during the 2-year period (range 0%–2%) but increased significantly at intervention schools (2% at baseline, 41% at end of Year 1, 19% at end of Year 2; p<0.001 for intervention effect). Measures of skin pigmentation, nevi counts, and self-reported use of hats outside of school did not change during the study period. Conclusions This intervention increased use of hats at school through Year 2 but had no measurable effect on skin pigmentation or nevi. Whether school-based interventions can ultimately prevent skin cancer is uncertain.

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The use of observational methods for monitoring sun-protection activities in schools

Cited by 23 publications

References 18 publications

Measurements of the UVR Protection Provided by Hats Used at School

Measurements of the UVR Protection Provided by Hats Used at School

Motives of Belgian Adolescents for Using Sunscreen: The Role of Action Plans

A Cluster Randomized Trial of Sun Protection at Elementary Schools

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