The Use of Probiotic Therapy in Metabolic and Neurological Diseases

Abstract

The human gut is home to trillions of microbes that interact with host cells to influence and contribute to body functions. The number of scientific studies focusing on the gut microbiome has exponentially increased in recent years. Studies investigating factors that may potentially affect the gut microbiome and may be used for therapeutic purposes in diseases where dysbioses in the gut microbiome have been shown are of particular interest. This review compiles current evidence available in the scientific literature on the use of probiotics to treat metabolic diseases and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) to analyze the efficacy of probiotics in these diseases. To do this, we must first define the healthy gut microbiome before looking at the interplay between the gut microbiome and diseases, and how probiotics affect this interaction. In metabolic diseases, such as obesity and diabetes, probiotic supplementation positively impacts pathological parameters. Conversely, the gut–brain axis significantly impacts neurodevelopmental disorders such as ASDs. However, manipulating the gut microbiome and disease symptoms using probiotics has less pronounced effects on neurodevelopmental diseases. This may be due to a more complex interplay between genetics and the environment in these diseases. In conclusion, the use of microbe-based probiotic therapy may potentially have beneficial effects in ameliorating the pathology of various diseases. Validation of available data for the development of personalized treatment regimens for affected patients is still required.

Combined Use of Probiotics and Vitamin D Against Neurotoxicity: Traditional Review

“…This is accompanied by poor inflammation, increased oxidative stress, impaired energy homeostasis, and increased cellular degeneration. 23 Probiotics, which primarily provide gut microbial balance, are beneficial bacteria that have a positive impact on host health when ingested in adequate amounts and play a role in ensuring gut microbial homeostasis. 21 In an in vitro study, Lab4 (Lactobacillus acidophilus CUL21, L. acidophilus CUL60, Bifidobacterium bifidum CUL20, and B. animalis subsp.…”

Emerging Role and Place of Probiotics in the Management of Pediatric Neurodevelopmental Disorders

“…Among children, Bacteroides fragilis supplementation demonstrated a strengthening of gut-epithelial integrity, improving gut microbiota diversity, and behavioral improvement. 35 , 36 Gut microbiota manipulation may be an ideal, safe, and advantageous approach to providing relief from some symptoms in children with ASD as an adjunct to the current therapies because probiotics may influence gut microbiota communities to vary the levels of harmful metabolites in ASD children while also reducing GI inflammation and increasing intestinal permeability. 18 Earlier studies using the pyrosequencing method examined the variety of the fecal microbiota in 33 children with ASD and discovered that in comparison to control, ASD children displayed higher amounts of bacteroidetes—which are important microbes in the pathophysiology of ASD along with a lower abundance in firmicutes (mainly Bifidobacterium ), which are in-line with other studies.…”

Probiotics: Protecting Our Health from the Gut

“…The microbiota–gut–brain axis has successfully linked the contents of the GM to various neurodegenerative disorders, developmental disorders, and mood changes [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 ]. The relationship between these diseases and the microbiota is mainly related to several bacterial metabolites that act as immunoregulatory and neurochemical factors [ 37 , 38 , 39 ].…”