Objective
To determine etiologies of myonecrosis in oncology patients and to assess interobserver variability in interpreting its MRI features.
Materials and Methods
Pathology records in our tertiary cancer hospital were searched for proven myonecrosis, and MRIs of affected regions in those patients were identified. MRI reports that suggested myonecrosis also were identified. Each MRI was reviewed independently by two of six readers to assess anatomic site, size, and signal intensities of muscle changes, and presence of the previously reported stipple sign (enhancing foci within a region defined by rim enhancement). The stipple sign was assessed again, weeks after a training session. Cohen kappa and percent agreement were calculated. Medical records were reviewed for contemporaneous causes of myonecrosis.
Results
MRI reports in 73 patients suggested the diagnosis of myonecrosis; pathologic proof was available in another two. Myonecrosis was frequently associated with radiotherapy (n=34 (45%) patients)); less frequent causes included intraoperative immobilization, trauma, therapeutic embolization, ablation therapy, exercise, and diabetes. Myonecrosis usually involved lower extremity, pelvis, and upper extremity; mean size was 13.0 cm. Stipple sign was observed in 55–95% of patients at first assessment (k=0.09–0.42; 60–80% agreement) and 55–100% at second (k=0.0–0.58; 72–90% agreement). Enhancement surrounded myonecrosis in 55–100% patients (k=0.03 – 0.32; 58–70% agreement).
Conclusion
Myonecrosis in oncology patients usually occurred after radiotherapy, and less commonly after intraoperative immobilization, trauma, therapeutic embolization, ablation therapy, exercise, or diabetes. Although interobserver variability for MRI features of myonecrosis exists (even after focused training), a combination of findings facilitates diagnosis and conservative management.