The use of red mud as an immobiliser for metal/metalloid-contaminated soil: A review

Yue, Hua; Heal, Katherine; Friesl-Hanl, Wolfgang

doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.11.073

Cited by 216 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 106 publications

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“…Many researchers have made efforts to develop a cost efficient and environmentally friendly method of bauxite residue recycling. Different applications of red mud are known, for example, in the construction industry [10][11][12][13][14], in catalytic processes [15], as an adsorbent [16,17], for extraction of valuable components [18][19][20], and others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud

Zinoveev

Grudinsky

Zakunov

et al. 2019

Metals

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Red mud is a by-product of alumina production from bauxite ore by the Bayer method, which contains considerable amounts of valuable components such as iron, aluminum, titanium, and scandium. In this study, an approach was applied to extract iron, i.e., carbothermic reduction roasting of red mud with sodium and potassium carbonates followed by magnetic separation. The thermodynamic analysis of iron and iron-free components’ behavior during carbothermic reduction was carried out by HSC Chemistry 9.98 (Outotec, Pori, Finland) and FactSage 7.1 (Thermfact, Montreal, Canada; GTT-Technologies, Herzogenrath, Germany) software. The effects of the alkaline carbonates’ addition, as well as duration and temperature of roasting on the iron metallization degree, iron grains’ size, and magnetic separation process were investigated experimentally. The best conditions for the reduction roasting were found to be as follows: 22.01% of K2CO3 addition, 1250 °C, and 180 min of duration. As a generalization of the obtained data, the mechanism of alkaline carbonates’ influence on iron grain growth was proposed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud

Zinoveev

Grudinsky

Zakunov

et al. 2019

Metals

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“…8 Other catalysts such as dolomite and WO3/ZrO2 have also been investigated for stabilization oxides, including Fe, Al, Ti, Na, Ca, and Si, as well as some trace elements, including Ga, Cr, Mn, Ni, S, Zr, K, and Co, but the actual composition depends on the process origin. [29][30][31][32][33][34] Although red mud has been investigated as a catalyst, [35][36][37][38] environmental remediation, 39 ceramics, building materials, 40 fillers, sorbents and coagulants, 41 and valuable metals recovery; 42 it is still disposed in clay-lined dams or dykes and allowed to dry naturally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hydrodeoxygenation of Aqueous-Phase Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil to Liquid Hydrocarbons Using Multifunctional Nickel Catalyst

Jahromi

Agblevor

2018

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Herein we investigated the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of aqueous phase pinyon-juniper catalytic pyrolysis oil (APPJCPO) using a new multifunctional red mud-supported nickel (Ni/RM) catalyst. The organic liquid yield after HDO of APPJCPO using 30 wt. % Ni/RM at reaction temperature of 350 °C was 47.8 wt. % with oxygen content of 1.14 wt. %. The organic liquid fraction consisted of aliphatics, aromatics, and alkylated aromatic hydrocarbons as well as small amounts of oxygenates. The RM support catalyzed ketonization of carboxylic acids. The Ni metal catalyzed partial reduction of oxygenates that underwent carbonyl alkylation with aldehydes and ketones on the RM. Catalyst deactivation assessment suggested that oxidation and coke formation were the main controlling factors for deactivation of Ni and RM respectively. For comparison, commercial (~65wt.%) Ni/SiO2-Al2O3 was tested in HDO experiments which gasified the soluble organics in APPJCPO and did not produce liquid hydrocarbons. Keywords:Hydrodeoxygenation, pyrolysis, red mud, nickel catalysts, catalyst deactivation, bio-oils and upgrading of bio-oil and showed promise. [8][9][10] These studies showed that the challenge with hydrogenation of water-soluble fraction of bio-oil is to minimize the H2 consumption and carbon loss, while achieving high selectivity of the desired products. The current bio-oil HDO state of the art indicates that there is a wide range of products formed and that the associated catalytic chemistry needs to be understood in more detail. [7][8][9][10][11] The structure of three major polymeric components, cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin, are well-represented by the bio-oil components in the case of lignocellulosic biomass-derived pyrolysis oil. HDO is usually the preferred method among upgrading processes since it can produce high quality fuels. HDO can improve pyrolysis oil quality through improving oil stability and higher energy density. 12 HDO of the bio-oil involves four major classes of reactions (1) hydrogenation of C-O, C=O, and C=C bonds, (2) dehydration of C-OH groups, (3) C-C bond cleavage by retro-aldol condensation and decarbonylation, and (4) hydrogenolysis of C-O-C bonds. 1,13,14 In most HDO studies, guaiacol (representing the large number of mono-and dimethoxy phenols), 15-17 furfural (representing a major pyrolysis product group from cellulosics), 18-22 and acetic acid (representing a major product from hemicellulose) [23][24][25] have been studied as model compounds of bio-oil. 26,27 These studies indicated that catalyst deactivation is a major challenge during HDO of bio-oil. One of the catalyst deactivation mechanisms that occur during HDO of bio-oil is carbon deposition on the catalyst surface. This deactivation represents a major limit of this technology because the catalyst has to be frequently regenerated. One approach that has been reported is to develop HDO catalysts that have low acidity and hence a lower rate of coke formation. 1,13 The synthesis of an efficient catalyst can play a crucial role in HDO process. 28...

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“…RM is characterized by small particle size, porous skeleton structure, large specific surface area, and good stability in water medium, which provides good adsorption properties and its utilization as a cheap adsorption material in the field of environmental management [19,23,91]. RM adsorbents can adsorb PHEs in wastewater and also remove F − , PO 4 3− , organic pollutants (dyes), and radioactive ions (Cs-137, Sr-90, and U) in wastewater.…”

Section: Application In the Environmental Fieldmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on Comprehensive Utilization of Red Mud and Prospect Analysis

et al. 2019

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Red mud (RM) is a by-product of extracting of alumina from bauxite. Red mud contains high quantities of alkali-generating minerals and metal ions, which can cause significant environmental damage. Many valuable components such as rare-earth elements, Al, and Fe, in RM are difficult to be utilized owing to their particle size and alkalinity. Thus, developing an economical and efficient technology to consume a large amount of RM can efficiently solve RM disposal issues. This paper systematically reviews the comprehensive utilization methods for reducing RM environmental pollution and divides the comprehensive utilization of RM into three aspects: the effective extraction of valuable components, resource transformation, and environmental application. Based on resource, economic, and environmental benefits, the development of new technologies and new processes with market competitiveness, environmental protection, and ecological balance should be the prerequisite for the low-energy, low-pollution, low-cost, and high-efficiency comprehensive utilization of RM. The direction of future research to solve RM disposal issues is also suggested.

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The use of red mud as an immobiliser for metal/metalloid-contaminated soil: A review

Cited by 216 publications

References 106 publications

Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud

Influence of Na2CO3 and K2CO3 Addition on Iron Grain Growth during Carbothermic Reduction of Red Mud

Hydrodeoxygenation of Aqueous-Phase Catalytic Pyrolysis Oil to Liquid Hydrocarbons Using Multifunctional Nickel Catalyst

A Review on Comprehensive Utilization of Red Mud and Prospect Analysis

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