The use of ruthenium in hypochlorite as a stain for polymeric materials

Montezinos, David; Wells, B. Gail; Burns, Janet L.

doi:10.1002/pol.1985.130230805

Cited by 123 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Before analysis, the samples were trimmed at low T (−130°C) and subsequently stained for 20 h with a RuO 4 -solution prepared according to Montezinos et al 42 Ultrathin sections (70 nm) were obtained at −100°C using a Leica Ultracut S/FCS microtome. The sections were put on a 200 mesh copper grid with a carbon support layer.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Block Copolymers of “PE-Like” Poly(pentadecalactone) and Poly(l-lactide): Synthesis, Properties, and Compatibilization of Polyethylene/Poly(l-lactide) Blends

et al. 2015

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Block copolymers consisting of a polyethylene block and a polar polymer block are interesting structures for the compatibilization of polyethylene/polar polymer blends or polyethylene-based composites. Since the synthesis of polyethylene-based block copolymers is an elaborate process, diblock copolymers consisting of “polyethylene-like” poly(pentadecalactone) (PPDL) and poly(l-lactide) (PLLA) were synthesized using a one-pot, sequential-feed ring-opening polymerization of pentadecalactone (PDL) and l-lactide (LLA). The peculiar activity of the used aluminum salen catalysts yielded a block copolymer consisting of two blocks with both a high dispersity, as a result of intrablock transesterification. Interestingly, interblock transesterification was effectively suppressed. The obtained poly(PDL-block-LLA) of various block lengths showed coincidental crystallization of the two blocks with an associated microphase-separated morphology, in which PLLA spheres with a high dispersity are distributed within the PPDL matrix. The complex morphologies is believed to arise from the presence of a whole range of block sizes as a consequence of the large dispersity of both blocks. The application of these block copolymers as compatibilizers for high density polyethylene (HDPE)/PLLA blends led to a clear change in blend morphology and a steep decrease in particle size of the dispersed phase. Furthermore, addition of the block copolymers to blends of linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) and PLLA led to a significant increase in adhesion between the two phases. For both HDPE/PLLA and LLDPE/PLLA blends, the compatibilization efficiency of the poly(PDL-block-LLA) increased when the length of the PPDL block was increased. The presented results clearly show that PPDL can function as a substituent for various types of polyethylene, which opens up a new method for compatibilizing polyethylene with polar polymers using easy attainable “PE-like” block copolymers.

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confidence: 99%

Block Copolymers of “PE-Like” Poly(pentadecalactone) and Poly(l-lactide): Synthesis, Properties, and Compatibilization of Polyethylene/Poly(l-lactide) Blends

et al. 2015

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“…RuO4 staining has successfully been used for segmented copolyestersl 1, polyesterurethanes12'13 and polyetherurethanes ~4. One method of staining with RuO4 starts from ruthenium trichloride and sodium hypochlorite 15 The aim of this study is to evaluate the staining of PBT and segmented PIB-PBT and to study the structure of PIB-b-PBT segmented block copolymers using RuO4 as the staining agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ruthenium tetroxide staining of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyisobutylene-b-PBT segmented block copolymers

Janik

Walch

Gaymans

1992

Polymer

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A ruthenium tetroxide (RuO4) staining method has been evaluated for segmented polyisobutylene-bpolybutylene terephthalate (PIB-b-PBT). Solution cast films and melt pressed samples have been studied. For comparison PBT has also been studied. PBT and PIB-b-PBT could be stained with RuO4 at room temperature. The observed structures on the PBT and PIB-b-PBT films were spherulitic with lamellae. In some regions in the PIB-b-PBT films large scale phase separation was observed. In the melt pressed PIB-b-PBT samples the spherulitic and lamellar structures were less well developed. The PBT segments appeared to have crystallized out in bundles and the PIB phase was present as microspheres with diameters of 3-6 nm.

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“…The samples were then stained for 20 h in a ruthenium-tetraoxide (RuO 4 ) solution prepared according to the literature. 26 The PS was expected to be stained darker than the iPP phase. 27 Ultrathin sections were obtained using a Reichert Ultracut E microtome (wet cryomicrotomy).…”

Section: Characterization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solid‐state modification of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) via grafting of styrene. II. Morphology and melt processing

Picchioni

Goossens

Duin

2005

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Grafting of vinyl monomers onto isotactic polypropylene (iPP) in the solid state represents a convenient route to chemically modify iPP and, consequently, its properties. Solid-state modification can be carried out on iPP powder directly from the polymerization reactor. The modified powder is then processed in the melt, usually with the addition of fillers and/or additives, to obtain the final product. In this work we have studied the effect of melt processing on the morphology of solid-state polymerized PP/polystyrene (PS) blends, i.e., of a iPP powder previously modified in the solid-state with styrene (St) and optionally in the presence of divinylbenzene (DVB). A series of samples containing different amounts of PS and displaying different grafting efficiencies were investigated before and after processing in the melt. Transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and solid-state NMR were used to investigate the morphology on different length scales. It was shown that PS coalescence during processing can be hindered, thereby stabilizing the initially polymerized iPP/PS blends morphology. Indeed, reducing the PS amount in the blend or increasing the grafting efficiency resulted in less coalescence of the PS domains. Crosslinking of the PS phase during the solid-state polymerization resulted also in a very fine but heterogeneous morphology.

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The use of ruthenium in hypochlorite as a stain for polymeric materials

Cited by 123 publications

References 17 publications

Block Copolymers of “PE-Like” Poly(pentadecalactone) and Poly(l-lactide): Synthesis, Properties, and Compatibilization of Polyethylene/Poly(l-lactide) Blends

Block Copolymers of “PE-Like” Poly(pentadecalactone) and Poly(l-lactide): Synthesis, Properties, and Compatibilization of Polyethylene/Poly(l-lactide) Blends

Ruthenium tetroxide staining of polybutylene terephthalate (PBT) and polyisobutylene-b-PBT segmented block copolymers

Solid‐state modification of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) via grafting of styrene. II. Morphology and melt processing

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