The Use of Saliva Cortisol, Urinary Cortisol, and Catecholamine Measurements for a Noninvasive Assessment of Stress Responses in Dogs

Beerda, B.; Schilder, Matthijs B.H.; Janssen, Nicole S.C.R.M.; Mol, Jan A.

doi:10.1006/hbeh.1996.0033

Cited by 210 publications

(141 citation statements)

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“…20 The use of citric acid to increase saliva production has been reported in dogs. 13,22 When using chemicals or medications to increase salivary flow, however, one has to consider influences on the cortisol concentrations. In humans, stimulated saliva sample with increased acidity has been shown to artificially increase the level of cortisol in saliva.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Hypercortisolism

Wenger-Riggenbach

Boretti

Quante

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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Background: Measurement of salivary cortisol is a useful diagnostic test for hypercortisolism (HC) in humans. Objectives: To determine whether measurement of salivary cortisol concentration is a practical alternative to plasma cortisol to diagnose HC, to validate the use of salivary cortisol, and to examine the effect of time of day and sampling location on salivary cortisol.Animals: Thirty healthy dogs and 6 dogs with HC. Methods: Prospective, observational clinical trial including healthy volunteer dogs and dogs newly diagnosed with HC. Salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations were measured with an immunoassay analyzer. Intra-and interassay variability, linearity, and correlation between salivary and plasma cortisol concentrations were determined.Results: The required 300 mL of saliva could not be obtained in 88/326 samples from healthy dogs and in 15/30 samples from dogs with HC. The intra-assay variability for measurement of salivary cortisol was 5-17.7%, the interassay variability 8.5 and 17.3%, and the observed to expected ratio 89-125%. The correlation (r) between salivary and plasma cortisol was 0.98. The time of day and location of collection did not affect salivary cortisol concentrations. Dogs with HC had significantly higher salivary cortisol values than healthy dogs (10.2 AE 7.3 nmol/L versus 1.54 AE 0.97 nmol/L; P o .001).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The ROCHE Elecsys immunoassay analyzer correctly measured salivary cortisol in dogs. However, a broad clinical application of the method seems limited, because of the large sample volume required.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Hypercortisolism

Wenger-Riggenbach

Boretti

Quante

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

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“…or salivary cortisol has been used as a biomarker of stress (Cooper et al 1989, Beerda et al 1996, Whitten 1998, Dreschel & Granger 2005, Hellhammer et al 2009, Montanha et al 2009. It has been shown that salivary and plasma levels of cortisol are correlated (Beerda et al 1996) and the measure of the basal cortisol levels in domestic cats using saliva samples was previously studied and validated (Siegford et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been shown that salivary and plasma levels of cortisol are correlated (Beerda et al 1996) and the measure of the basal cortisol levels in domestic cats using saliva samples was previously studied and validated (Siegford et al 2003). Therefore, because it is non-invasive and, consequently, less stressful for the animal, the collection of saliva represents an interesting method of measuring cortisol (Hellhammer et al 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of a synthetic analogue of the feline facial pheromone on salivary cortisol levels in the domestic cat

et al. 2017

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This study aimed to evaluate the ability of a saliva collection device (Salivette®) to measure cortisol levels in saliva samples of domestic cats and to assess the effect of a synthetic analogue of the feline facial pheromone fraction F3 (Feliway®) on cortisol levels. A total of 28 domestic cats from a private high-quality sanctuary were sampled before exposure to the facial pheromone and after 35 days of exposure. Two pheromone devices were placed in the area where the animals ate to guarantee the exposure of all cats. The collecting device yielded a sufficient volume of saliva (≥0.20mL) to allow cortisol measurement. Cortisol measurements ranged from 0.02g/dL to 0.16μg/dL, with a difference between before (42.1%) and after (62.6%) exposure to the pheromone (F=3.2351; p≤0.0002). No difference in cortisol levels was observed between before (x =0.078μg/dL) and after (x =0.066μg/dL) (t=1.79; p=0.08) exposure. However, salivary cortisol levels decreased in 75% (21/28) of the cats after exposure (x 2=12.07; p=0.0005), suggesting that the animals have different susceptibilities to the pheromone or that they spent different lengths of time in the area where the pheromone devices were installed.

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“…Este trabalho foi aprovado pela Nesta avaliação foram mensurados diariamente (7:00 -11:00 AM) os parâmetros fisiológicos (frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória, taxa de oxigenação sanguínea, pulso arterial) e procedeu-se a coleta de saliva para medir os cortisol (BEERDA et al, 1996) e IL6. O etograma foi realizado semanalmente para não ser invasivo (ALTMANN, 1974).…”

Section: Procedimentos Experimentaisunclassified

“…Muitos trabalhos mensuram os níveis séricos ou salivares de cortisol em cães (VINCENT;MICHELL, 1992;BEERDA et al, 1996;HENNESSY et al, 1997;BEERDA et al, 1998;PALME et al, 2005), entretanto, nunca foi estabelecido um panorama geral dos sinais clínicos, endócrinos, fisiológicos e comportamentais do cão, durante esta fase pós-abandono de adaptação ao estresse. Mesmo a adoção é um evento estressante aos cães, pois muitas vezes nunca tiveram contato direto e/ou frequente com seres humanos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Correlação dos parâmetros endócrinos e comportamentais em cadelas abandonadas em programa de ressocialização

Lesnau¹

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Á DEUS, que no silêncio das madrugadas, permitiu-me conhecê-Lo, entendê-Lo e me ensinou a conversar com Ele. Volto para casa com minha fé descoberta e com uma experiência íntima muito forte estabelecendo esta aliança. Graças dou! À minha mãe Otilia Wisniewski Lesnau pelas vezes em que cruzou o Brasil para socorrer minha família na minha ausência e o apoio que sempre ofereceu. A todos vocês, muito obrigado! Epígrafe "Dizem que a oportunidade é uma deusa que tem cabelo na testa, portanto você tem de apanhá-la quando ela vem de frente porque depois que ela passa, a única coisa a fazer é se lamentar". The mechanism of stress is already known and can be divided in two stages: acute stress, which releases thermogenic factors and inflammatory -mediated interleukin 6 (IL6) and chronic stress, which suppresses the inflammatory response and is mediated by the presence of cortisol. When stray dogs are housed in shelters, they undergo a period of adaptation; however, until now there is not a ressocialization program at the governmental level aiming to improve their welfare along with their new owners. The ressocialization program beginning when dogs arrive to the shelter and the correlation of dogs´ behavior with physiological and endocrine parameters related to stress have not yet been described , which raises the hypothesis that it can decrease the traumatic impact of abandonment. Twenty seven healthy bitches were divided into 3 groups: with owners, abandoned not trained and abandoned trained.The trained and abandoned dogs were later adopted. The training lasted 15 min / day for 21 days. The behavioral assessment (ethogram and ethotest) was performed every 7 days and physiological parameters assessment (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood oxygenation rate, pulse) as well as saliva collection, daily. After the adoption, the bitches were evaluated for 7 additional days. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, after testing the results for normality. The correlation between parameters was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. Values were considered different at p < 0.05. The most surprisingly result was the maintenance of low levels of IL6 in trained dogs after neutering, whereas the other two groups showed a significant increase of IL6. The consequences of training were evident in ethograms after adoption: there was an improvement of the interaction of dogs with the new family, attitudes of playing were more numerous, and dogs showed a greater receptivity to the new owners. The tail wagging, as communication behavior, appeared much more frequently in trained dogs after adoption. Abandoned dogs after adoption manifested more idleness, discouragement and depression behaviors and reduced alertness.These results suggest that the training reassures bitches in the stressful shelter environment, improves their physiological parameters, controls fear behaviors making them more able to adapt to the new environment after adoption. There were no differences in cortisol among the groups (p > 0.05). However, IL-6 concentration was lower in ...

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The Use of Saliva Cortisol, Urinary Cortisol, and Catecholamine Measurements for a Noninvasive Assessment of Stress Responses in Dogs

Cited by 210 publications

References 0 publications

Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Hypercortisolism

Salivary Cortisol Concentrations in Healthy Dogs and Dogs with Hypercortisolism

Effect of a synthetic analogue of the feline facial pheromone on salivary cortisol levels in the domestic cat

Correlação dos parâmetros endócrinos e comportamentais em cadelas abandonadas em programa de ressocialização

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