The use of sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH), a data‐independent acquisition high‐resolution mass spectrometry  approach, in forensic toxicological regimes: A review

Abstract

Sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra (SWATH) is a type of high‐resolution mass spectrometry that uses data‐independent acquisition. Compared with more targeted acquisition schemes, the power behind this data‐independent acquisition technique comes from its ability to mitigate interferences via the use of SWATH acquisition windows (Q1 quadrupole isolation windows) while still obtaining all accurate mass information. However, consistent with high‐resolution mass spectrometry techniques, its routine and high throughput implementation in forensic toxicology is limited due to the complex processing power required to effectively manage the large amount of acquired data. It is therefore pivotal to create an efficient and validated identification criterion that confidently reports suspected positive detections as a confirmational technique for final reporting. This review examines all publications that implemented SWATH in a forensic toxicological framework with suggestive best practices and commonly used criteria. Seventeen publications were reviewed for extraction, liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry parameters, and more specifically for all SWATH applicable characteristics including spray voltages, collision energies and spreads, mass error, isotopic ratio difference, retention time error, and library score thresholds. Notwithstanding the challenges SWATH implementation faces for a laboratory, the technique demonstrates its potential to be utilized in routine forensic toxicology testing regimes and aids in the detection of both common and emerging novel drugs simultaneously.