The use of sodium edate in dyeing: II. Union dyeing of cotton/wool blend with hetero bi-functional reactive dyes

Characterization of dimethyl sulfoxide-treated wool and enhancement of reactive wool dyeing in non-aqueous medium

“…The pH of the dyebath was adjusted to 4.5 using a 0.25M aqueous acetic acid solution. 12 The dyebath was heated to and maintained at 85°C for 60 min mechanical agitation at 60 rpm. The vessel was cooled to room temperature and the sample was removed from the dyebath and centrifuged at 2600 rpm for 5 min.…”

“…If DMSO was used instead of water in the reactive dyeing of wool, the following benefits might emerge: diffusion of the dye across the intercellular lipids in wool would be enhanced; excellent wet fastness in dyeing deep shades would be achievable without alkaline aftertreatment; adjusting pH during dyeing would no longer be necessary; unlevelness caused by strong ionic interactions between the dye and fiber would be alleviated; and one-bath solvent dyeing of a cotton-wool blend would be possible. 12 Replacing processing water with the much more costly solvents inevitably raises concerns about the cost of the solvent dyeing process. At the current stage, even when all solvents are considered recyclable, the cost to reclaim solvents through distillation is still more than the cost of fresh water.…”

Sustainable textile dyeing processes

“…Particularly edate exhibits better exhaustion when used with bifunctional reactive dyes than with monofunctional dyes (Ahmed 2005). In the case of cotton/wool blend, a mixture of edate and sodium sulphate exhibits better dyeing results in terms of dye exhaustion, fixation, fastness and levelling (El-Shishtawy et al 2007). As edate and trisodium citrate are easily separable, recycling and reuse of the treated effluent are easy ).…”

Cotton fabric modification through ceric (IV) ion-initiated graft copolymerisation of 2-methacryloyloxyethyltrimethyl ammonium chloride to enhance the fixation of reactive dyes

“…To further remove the unfixed dye, the dyed samples were stripped under refluxing with 50 % aqueous dimethylformamide (DMF) solution at a liquor ratio of 20:1 for 15 min until all the unfixed dye was removed. Then they were rinsed in water and air dried (El-Shishtawy et al 2007). …”