The Use of Tetrazolium Salts in Inorganic Analysis

Gavazov, Kiril B.; Dimitrov, A.; Lekova, Vanya

doi:10.1002/chin.200729199

Cited by 4 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…However, some further investigations showed that this statement is not valid for IACs, which include NO 2 group(s) containing T m+ . 10,19,20 In fact, the values of β of such IACs are considerably lower than the expected ones according to literature. 11,18 Next step of investigation on the problem was to compare the values of β for IACs with T m+ , which differs only by the number of NO 2 groups (N nitro ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

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Some Ternary Phenylmethoxybis(tetrazolium) Complexes of Vanadium(IV,V) and Their Constants of Association

Gavazov¹,

Racheva²,

Lekova³

et al. 2012

Croat. Chem. Acta

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Abstract. Several liquid-liquid extraction systems containing vanadium {vanadium(IV) or vanadium(V)}, azoderivative of resorcinol {ADR: 4-(2-pyridylazo)-resorcinol (PAR) or 4-(2-thiazolylazo)-resorcinol (TAR)} and (phenylmethoxibis)tetrazolium salts {MBT: 3,3'-(3,3'-dimetoxy-4,4'-biphenylene)-bis(2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium) chloride (Blue Tetrazolium, BT) or 3,3'-(3,3'-dimetoxy-4,4'-biphenylene)-bis[2,5-di(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium] chloride (Tetranitroblue Tetrazolium, TNBT)} were studied. The optimum operating conditions and compositions of the extracted species were found. The constants of association (β) between MBT 2+ and the anionic V-ADR chelates (Chel n-) were calculated. Previously reported negative linear relationship between log β and the number of nitro groups included in tetrazolium cation (N nitro ) was discussed taking into account the obtained results and literature data for V-ADR-MBT complexes of the same class, in which MBT is BT or 3,3'-(3,3'-dimetoxy-4,4'-biphenylene)bis[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium] chloride (Nitroblue Tetrazolium, NBT). (doi: 10.5562/cca1885)

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 56%

“…10,11,[18][19][20] Alexandrov et al 11,18 disclosed the first factor: the higher the molecular mass, the higher the association constant. However, some further investigations showed that this statement is not valid for IACs, which include NO 2 group(s) containing T m+ .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Some Ternary Phenylmethoxybis(tetrazolium) Complexes of Vanadium(IV,V) and Their Constants of Association

Gavazov¹,

Racheva²,

Lekova³

et al. 2012

Croat. Chem. Acta

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“…According to [58], a linear relationship exists between the M and : the higher molecular mass, the higher the association constant. However, when TZ + contains nitro group(s), the values of  are considerably lower [38,[59][60][61] than those expected by the authors of Ref. [58].…”

Section: Relationships Involving the Molecular Mass Of The Tetrazoliumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The following TZSs, which have been used as reagents in inorganic analysis [37,38], were selected for the present study: i) 2,3,5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC); ii) 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT); iii) 3-(2-naphtyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (Tetrazolium violet, TV); and iv) 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (INT). Their structural formulae are shown in Table 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction-Spectrophotometric Studies on the Complex Formation of Iron(III) with 4-(2-Thiazolylazo)Resorcinol and Tetrazolium Salts

Gavazov

Stefanova

Toncheva

2014

JAC

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Four liquid-liquid extraction-chromogenic systems containing Fe(III), 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (TAR), tetrazolium salt (TZS), water and chloroform were studied. 2,3,5-Triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC), 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT), 3-(2-naphtyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TV), and 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (INT) were the examined TZSs. Optimization experiments for iron extraction were performed and the following parameters were found for each system: pH(opt), CTAR(opt), CTZS(opt), shaking time (opt), and l(opt). Under the optimum conditions, the molar ratio of the reacting Fe(III), TAR and TZS is 1:2:2 and the general formula of the extracted species is (TZ+)2[FeII(TAR2–)2]. Some equilibrium constants (constants of association, constants of distribution, and constants of extraction) and analytical characteristics (molar absorptivities, Sandell’s sensitivities, Beer’s law limits, etc.) were calculated. Linear relationships involving the molecular mass of TZ+ were discussed.

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“…There are innumerable methods for the spectrophotometric determination of cobalt (Marczenko, 1976), mention may be made of α-nitroso-β-naphthol and nitroso-R-salt. Apart from that, there are many more sensitive methods reported in literature (Gavazov et al, 2007;Trohimenko and Zaporohzets, 2013;Ahmed and Hossan, 2008;Ahmed and Uddin, 2007;Gharehbaghi et al, www.bosaljournals/chemint/ editorci@bosaljournals.com 2008; Ombaka and Gichumbi, 2011;Kuliyev Kerim et al, 2016;Anusuya and Krishna Reddy, 2018;Hayashi et al, 1978;Kitson, 1950 ;Paleologos et al, 2002 ;Ramchandra Reddy et al, 2004 ), but unfortunately because of their poor selectivity, these are not, in general, used for accurate determination of the metal in diverse samples of complex matrices such as rocks, minerals, soils etc. Although the nitroso-R-salt and α-nitroso-β-naphthol methods are still being used for the determination of cobalt in various samples, because of their less sensitivity and selectivity, they are not suitable for trace determination of cobalt in these samples.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Micelle-mediated extraction of cobalt and its spectrophotometric determination in rocks, soils, sediments and sea-bed polymetallic nodules

Int¹

2019

Preprint

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The surfactant sensitized bottle-green complex (1:2:1) formed of cobalt-thiocyanate-cetyltrimethylammonium bromide is suitably extracted into an organic solvent, ethylacetate, at a pH range, 6-8 and the absorption measurements were carried out at 630 nm (ƛmax). The Beer’s law is obeyed in the range from 0.05 to 10 μg per mL. The molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of the present system were found to be 2.2 x 103 L.mol-1cm-1 and 0.026 μg cm-2, respectively. No other element forms complex of similar colour with thiocyanate at this pH range. The method was applied to a number of samples like rock, soil, sediment, polymetallic nodules etc., as well as Certified Reference Materials and the values were found highly satisfactory. The interference of Fe3+ which formed a reddish complex at acidic pH (<7) was eliminated when the complex was extracted at pH 8.0. The method is highly useful for the determination of cobalt in geological samples having its concentration from μg/mL to percentage level. As the method has been made highly selective for spectrophotometric determination of cobalt, it might be applied to almost all types of geological sample of diverse matrices.

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The Use of Tetrazolium Salts in Inorganic Analysis

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Cited by 4 publications

References 1 publication

Some Ternary Phenylmethoxybis(tetrazolium) Complexes of Vanadium(IV,V) and Their Constants of Association

Some Ternary Phenylmethoxybis(tetrazolium) Complexes of Vanadium(IV,V) and Their Constants of Association

Extraction-Spectrophotometric Studies on the Complex Formation of Iron(III) with 4-(2-Thiazolylazo)Resorcinol and Tetrazolium Salts

Micelle-mediated extraction of cobalt and its spectrophotometric determination in rocks, soils, sediments and sea-bed polymetallic nodules

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