The use of the time domain electromagnetic method to delineate saline groundwater in granular and carbonate aquifers and to evaluate their porosity

Kafri, Uri; Goldman, M.

doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2004.09.001

Cited by 75 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…d) The previously proposed and accepted model of a fresh groundwater system that directly overlies C-type brines in the west and density westward driven DSB R-type brines in the east is not in agreement with some findings in the eastern part of the study area. The TDEM survey west of and adjacent to the Dead Sea did not manage to detect sufficiently low resistivities expected for the DSB (Kafri and Goldman 2005) beneath the high resistivity (fresh water) body at the assumed calculated depth of a fresh water-DSB interface, as expected. Instead, more moderate resistivities were encountered there, indicative of a water body with a much lower salinity.…”

mentioning

confidence: 66%

“…Porosities are known to decrease at different rates with depth (i.e., Schmoker and Halley 1982;Ehrenberg and Nadeau 2005) but unfortunately very little is known regarding the deep units in the study area. Moreover, porosities obtained from analyses of well plugs are not necessarily representative due to scale dependency problems (Kafri and Goldman 2005).…”

Section: Resistivity-salinity Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was found, however, that when intruded by normal sea water they exhibit higher resistivities as compared to the granular aquifers (approximately 5Ω-m). This difference was attributed to their typical lower porosities between 0.05 and 0.1 Kafri 2004, 2006;Kafri and Goldman 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Saline Groundwater Bodies between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, Israel, Using the TDEM Method and Hydrochemical Parameters

et al. 2014

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A Time Domain ElectroMagnetic (TDEM) survey coupled with hydrogeological information was carried out along the Be'er Sheva valley between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea base levels, aiming to obtain the subsurface distribution of the different fresh and saline water bodies. Hydrochemical considerations and previous TDEM results hinted that the previously accepted model of an upper fresh water body underlain by solely Dead Sea (R-type) brines in the east and C-type brines in the west does not match the actual observations. Thus, the suggested working hypothesis of additional intruding seawater from the Mediterranean Sea to the Dead Sea base level was checked by the TDEM method. The results, indeed, exhibit an upper high resistivity fresh water body, an underlying low resistivity brine body and a moderate resistivity body in between. The origin of this body is not uniquely determined based on the geophysical measurements alone. Analysis of borehole data testifies that hydrochemical parameters of the body cannot be solely interpreted as a mixture of the above two end members, but rather calls for an additional contribution of intruding seawater. The suggested configuration consists of an upper fresh water body flowing to both base levels in the west and the east. Underneath there is a saline body resulting from seawater intrusion reaching from the Mediterranean to the Dead Sea base level. At the bottom there is a third body of the westward density driven Dead Sea brine. The entire configuration is supported by results of subsurface flow modeling.

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confidence: 66%

Section: Resistivity-salinity Relationshipmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Detection of Saline Groundwater Bodies between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, Israel, Using the TDEM Method and Hydrochemical Parameters

et al. 2014

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“…Lime carbonates demonstrate one more peculiarity, e.g., very low cation exchange capacity (CEC) (Khlaifata et al, 2010) that allows using the TEM resistivity method for determining the porosity of both sands and DS mud as suggested by Kafri & Goldman (2005). Note also that significant difference of V s allows distinguishing different lithologies along the DS coastal areas.…”

Section: Laboratory Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the geophysical studies in the Dead Sea coastal area related to evaporite karst and recent sinkhole development

Ezersky¹,

Legchenko²,

Eppelbaum³

et al. 2017

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Abstract:Since the early 80s, a progressively increasing number of sinkholes appeared along the Dead Sea coastal line. It has been found that their appearance is strongly correlating with the lowering of the Dead Sea level taking place with the rate of approximately 1 m/yr. Location of areas affected by sinkhole development corresponds to location of the salt formation deposited during the latest Pleistocene, when the Lake Lisan receded to later become the Dead Sea. Water flowing to the Dead Sea from adjacent and underlying aquifers dissolves salt and creates caverns that cause ground subsidence and consequent formation of sinkholes. Before subsidence, these caverns are not visible on the surface but can be investigated with surface geophysical methods. For that, we applied Surface Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SNMR), Transient Electromagnetic (TEM) Seismic refraction and reflection, Multichannel Analysis of Surface waves (MASW), microgravity and magnetic surveys and their combinations. Our geophysical results allowed us to locate the salt formation and to detect caverns in salt thus contributing to better understanding sinkhole development mechanisms. Comparison of sinkhole appearance along the western DS shore derived from the recent database (2017) shows that predictions made on the base of geophysical data (2005)(2006)(2007)(2008) are now confirmed thus demonstrating efficiency of our study. In this paper, we briefly present a summary of up to date knowledge of the geology and hydrogeology of Dead Sea basin, of the physical properties of the salt rock and the most popular models explaining mechanisms of sinkhole development. We also share our experience gained during geophysical studies carried out in the framework of national and international research projects in this area for the last 20 years.Dead Sea, evaporate karst, geophysics, sinkholes Ezersky M.G., Legchenko A., Eppelbaum L. and Al-Zoubi A., 2017. Overview of the geophysical studies in the Dead Sea coastal area related to evaporite karst and recent sinkhole development.

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“…TEM and DC geo-electric) have been applied on either side of the rift valley to investigate the hydrological system, particularly to delineate the saline/fresh water interface close to the Dead Sea (Kafri et al 1997;Salameh & E.-Naser 2000;Yechieli et al 2001;Kafri & Goldman 2005;Yechieli 2006;Meqbel et al 2013). Deep magnetotelluric (MT) sounding data were collected in the framework of DESERT project along a long and several shorter profiles across the DST (Araba fault), approximately 150 km to the south of the DSB (Ritter et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Crustal metamorphic fluid flux beneath the Dead Sea Basin: constraints from 2-D and 3-D magnetotelluric modelling

et al. 2016

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S U M M A R YWe report on a study to explore the deep electrical conductivity structure of the Dead Sea Basin (DSB) using magnetotelluric (MT) data collected along a transect across the DSB where the left lateral strike-slip Dead Sea transform (DST) fault splits into two fault strands forming one of the largest pull-apart basins of the world. A very pronounced feature of our 2-D inversion model is a deep, subvertical conductive zone beneath the DSB. The conductor extends through the entire crust and is sandwiched between highly resistive structures associated with Precambrian rocks of the basin flanks. The high electrical conductivity could be attributed to fluids released by dehydration of the uppermost mantle beneath the DSB, possibly in combination with fluids released by mid-to low-grade metamorphism in the lower crust and generation of hydrous minerals in the middle crust through retrograde metamorphism. Similar high conductivity zones associated with fluids have been reported from other large fault systems. The presence of fluids and hydrous minerals in the middle and lower crust could explain the required low friction coefficient of the DST along the eastern boundary of the DSB and the high subsidence rate of basin sediments. 3-D inversion models confirm the existence of a subvertical high conductivity structure underneath the DSB but its expression is far less pronounced. Instead, the 3-D inversion model suggests a deepening of the conductive DSB sediments off-profile towards the south, reaching a maximum depth of approximately 12 km, which is consistent with other geophysical observations. At shallower levels, the 3-D inversion model reveals salt diapirism as an upwelling of highly resistive structures, localized underneath the Al-Lisan Peninsula. The 3-D model furthermore contains an E-W elongated conductive structure to the northeast of the DSB. More MT data with better spatial coverage are required, however, to fully constrain the robustness of the above-mentioned off-profile features.

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The use of the time domain electromagnetic method to delineate saline groundwater in granular and carbonate aquifers and to evaluate their porosity

Cited by 75 publications

References 11 publications

Detection of Saline Groundwater Bodies between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, Israel, Using the TDEM Method and Hydrochemical Parameters

Detection of Saline Groundwater Bodies between the Dead Sea and the Mediterranean Sea, Israel, Using the TDEM Method and Hydrochemical Parameters

Overview of the geophysical studies in the Dead Sea coastal area related to evaporite karst and recent sinkhole development

Crustal metamorphic fluid flux beneath the Dead Sea Basin: constraints from 2-D and 3-D magnetotelluric modelling

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