“…When fouling takes place on membrane surfaces, it causes flux decline, leading to an increase in production cost due to increased energy demand. Qin et al (Qin et al, 2004) selected solvent-resistant hollow-fiber UF membranes by measurement of fiber swelling and treatability studies on spent solvent cleaning rinse. The results indicated that the membranes made of both cellulose acetate (CA) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) materials could tolerate the solvent present and were suitable or treating the spent solvent rinses, whereas PES and PSF membranes were not suitable.…”