The Use of Virtual Reality to Influence Motivation, Affect, Enjoyment, and Engagement During Exercise: A Scoping Review

Abstract

Many adults are physically inactive. While the reasons are complex, inactivity is, in part, influenced by the presence of negative feelings and low enjoyment during exercise. While virtual reality (VR) has been proposed as a way to improve engagement with exercise (e.g., choosing to undertake exercise), how VR is currently used to influence experiences during exercise is largely unknown. Here we aimed to summarize the existing literature evaluating the use of VR to influence motivation, affect, enjoyment, and engagement during exercise. A Population (clinical, and healthy), Concept (the extent and nature of research about VR in exercise, including underpinning theories), and Context (any setting, demographic, social context) framework was used. A systematic search of Medline, Scopus, Embase, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar was completed by two independent reviewers. Of 970 studies identified, 25 unique studies were included (n = 994 participants), with most (68%) evaluating VR influences on motivation, affect, enjoyment, and engagement during exercise in healthy populations (n = 8 studies evaluating clinical populations). Two VR strategies were prominent – the use of immersion and the use of virtual avatars and agents/trainers. All studies but one used virtual agents/trainers, suggesting that we know little about the influence of virtual avatars on experiences during exercise. Generally, highly immersive VR had more beneficial effects than low immersive VR or exercise without VR. The interaction between VR strategy and the specific exercise outcome appeared important (e.g., virtual avatars/agents were more influential in positively changing motivation and engagement during exercise, whereas immersion more positively influenced enjoyment during exercise). Presently, the knowledge base is insufficient to provide definitive recommendations for use of specific VR strategies to target specific exercise outcomes, particularly given the numerous null findings. Regardless, these preliminary findings support the idea that VR may influence experiences during exercise via multiple mechanistic pathways. Understanding these underlying mechanisms may be important to heighten effects targeted to specific exercise outcomes during exercise. Future research requires purposeful integration of exercise-relevant theories into VR investigation, and careful consideration of VR definitions (including delineation between virtual avatars and virtual agents), software possibilities, and nuanced extension to clinical populations.

Applicability of an Immersive Virtual Reality Exercise Training System for Office Workers during Working Hours

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Virtual Reality-based Cognitive Intervention for Enhancing Executive Functions in Community-dwelling Older Adults

“…Moreover, the indirect effects of the use of VR environments may be influential as indicated in previous studies suggesting the positive effects of VR intervention on participants in terms of increasing engagement and motivation (Makransky et al, 2019;Mouatt et al, 2020), enhancing ecological validity (Bauer & Andringa, 2020), improving embodied cognition (Peeters & Segundo-Ortin, 2019), and stimulating multisensory integration for learning (Bauer & Andringa, 2020). It is evident that the VR-based intervention showed a powerful real-life impact and a good stability of results over time, similar to that of the classical evidence-based treatments (Morina et al, 2015;Opri et al, 2012).…”

Behavioral Activation through Virtual Reality for Depression: A Single Case Experimental Design with Multiple Baselines

“…Unlike traditional BA treatments, the main novelty relies on the use of VR. First, the use of VR has been shown to increase patients’ engagement and motivation towards a treatment which, in turn, might enhance its effectiveness and reduce dropout rates [ 64 , 65 ]. Even though we did not collect any acceptability data regarding the proposed intervention, no dropout was observed throughout the study.…”