“…The BCAs that have so far contributed to the control of B. dorsalis and various Ceratitis species in orchards across SSA have largely been the introduced braconid wasps [ Fopius arisanus Sonan and Diachasmimorpha longicaudata Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae)], 16,15 the native parasitoids [ F. caudatus and Psyttalia cosyrae Wilkinson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), among others], 6,28 numerous local idiobiont wasps, 5 EPFs, 16,21, 29 and the indigenous predatory African weaver ant O. longinoda along with O. smaragdina 25,26,30,37 . P. cosyrae has been very effective in parasitizing larvae of the mango fruit fly ( C. cosyra ) and the Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly; C. capitata ), but not the larvae of the Natal fruit fly ( C. rosa ), C. fasciventris , C. anonae , Zeugodacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae) or B. dorsalis, among others, in infested fruits 4–6,45 .…”