“…It is known to be a major variable in the learning outcome. The effectiveness of prior learning with videos that took advantage of self-directed learning (Caldwell & Atwal, 2005;Riley & Manias, 2004), repeated learning, or web-based learning has been investigated (Horiuchi, Yaju, Koyo, Sakyo, & Nakayama, 2009;Hosny, Mishriky, & Youssef, 2008;Koch, Andrew, Salamonson, Everett, & Davidson, 2010;Koeckeritz, Malkiewicz, & Henderson, 2002). In the case of prior learning with the use of web-based content or videos in previous studies, prior learning of exemplary procedures is possible; however, it is limited because students cannot objectively monitor their own performance and it is difficult to expect them to receive feedback on their competencies.…”