The utility of the Wisconsin card sorting test, 64-card version to detect noncredible attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Kosky, Karen M.; Lace, John W.; Austin, Tara; Seitz, David E.; Clark, Brook

doi:10.1080/23279095.2020.1864633

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Failure rates per test variable ranged from 3.3% on the reaction time of the vigilance test (WAFV-RT) to 17.5% on the commission errors of the vigilance test (WAFV-CE), which falls within the range, though at the lower end, of the estimated base rates of single PVT failures in clinical assessments of adults with ADHD reported in previous studies [22][23][24]. Estimated base rates in earlier studies varied within a broad range and are difficult to compare with each other because they seem to depend on various factors, including the specific PVT measure applied, embedded or stand-alone assessment (with higher sensitivity of stand-alone measures, see for example [24,88,89]), referral context (e.g., ADHD diagnosed or mixed neuropsychiatric samples, see for example [1]), or sample characteristics (with higher base rates in student samples, see for example [90,91]). On a cautionary note, higher rates of noncredible cognitive performance in this study compared to some of the previous research may be explained by the larger number of EVIs.…”

Section: Evi Failure Rates Per Test and Test Variablementioning

confidence: 55%

Cognitive Underperformance in a Mixed Neuropsychiatric Sample at Diagnostic Evaluation of Adult ADHD

Dong,

Koerts,

Pijnenborg

et al. 2023

JCM

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(1) Background: The clinical assessment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in adulthood is known to show non-trivial base rates of noncredible performance and requires thorough validity assessment. (2) Objectives: The present study estimated base rates of noncredible performance in clinical evaluations of adult ADHD on one or more of 17 embedded validity indicators (EVIs). This study further examines the effect of the order of test administration on EVI failure rates, the association between cognitive underperformance and symptom overreporting, and the prediction of cognitive underperformance by clinical information. (3) Methods: A mixed neuropsychiatric sample (N = 464, ADHD = 227) completed a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment battery on the Vienna Test System (VTS; CFADHD). Test performance allows the computation of 17 embedded performance validity indicators (PVTs) derived from eight different neuropsychological tests. Further, all participants completed several self- and other-report symptom rating scales assessing depressive symptoms and cognitive functioning. The Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scale and the Beck Depression Inventory-II were administered to derive embedded symptom validity measures (SVTs). (4) Results and conclusion: Noncredible performance occurs in a sizeable proportion of about 10% up to 30% of individuals throughout the entire battery. Tests for attention and concentration appear to be the most adequate and sensitive for detecting underperformance. Cognitive underperformance represents a coherent construct and seems dissociable from symptom overreporting. These results emphasize the importance of performing multiple PVTs, at different time points, and promote more accurate calculation of the positive and negative predictive values of a given validity measure for noncredible performance during clinical assessments. Future studies should further examine whether and how the present results stand in other clinical populations, by implementing rigorous reference standards of noncredible performance, characterizing those failing PVT assessments, and differentiating between underlying motivations.

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Section: Evi Failure Rates Per Test and Test Variablementioning

confidence: 55%

Cognitive Underperformance in a Mixed Neuropsychiatric Sample at Diagnostic Evaluation of Adult ADHD

Dong,

Koerts,

Pijnenborg

et al. 2023

JCM

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“…Perseverative errors (PE) manifest when participants persist in sorting cards according to a previous rule despite a change in the rule. The proportion of perseverative errors (PPE) is calculated as the ratio of PE to the total errors made and is commonly utilized to differentiate between samples demonstrating cognitive integrity and those displaying impairment [32]. The reliability of the instrument used in this study was calculated through estimating KR-21.…”

Section: The Modi Ed Wisconsin Card Sorting Task (Mwcst)mentioning

confidence: 99%

The correlation between cognitive control and relational aggression of Sportsmen adults: How do emerging learning technologies matter?

Zhang,

Xie

2023

Preprint

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Background This rapidly evolving world, sports dynamics and athletes' cognitive attributes have become subjects of heightened interest. Emerging technologies have also contributed greatly to different fields, particularly physical education. Purpose This study delves into the intriguing correlation between cognitive control and relational aggression among adult sportsmen, shedding light on the pivotal role of emerging learning technologies in this context. Methodology : A mixed-methods research design was employed. A diverse sample of adult athletes from various sports disciplines was purposively selected to ensure gender, age, and skill level representation. Quantitative data were collected through standardized psychometric assessments measuring cognitive control and self-reported relational aggression. Qualitative insights were gathered through semi-structured interviews with a subset of participants. Statistical analyses, including correlation tests and regression analyses, were applied to examine the relationships between cognitive control and relational aggression. Qualitative data from interviews underwent thematic analysis to identify recurring patterns and themes related to the influence of innovative learning technologies on cognitive control and aggression management in sports. Findings: Quantitative findings revealed a negative correlation between the sportsmen cognitive control and relational aggression, but the correlation between proactive and reactive relational aggression was significantly positive. Qualitative data revealed 5 main themes each consisting of 5 sub-themes. Conclusions A significant negative correlation between sportsmen's cognitive control and relational aggression underscores the importance of cognitive control in mitigating relational aggression among athletes, highlighting its potential as a valuable target for intervention and training programs aimed at promoting healthier social dynamics within sporting communities. Intriguingly, the positive correlation between proactive and reactive relational aggression suggests that these two forms of relational aggression are not mutually exclusive but may, in fact, co-occur within the context of sports. Implications: These findings collectively contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the cognitive and social dynamics at play among adult sportsmen. They offer valuable insights into the development of tailored interventions and training strategies, which may not only enhance cognitive control but also address the complex nature of relational aggression in sports settings. Ultimately, such interventions have the potential to foster healthier and more harmonious sporting communities.

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Two Times the Charm: Repeat Administration of the CPT-II Improves Its Classification Accuracy as a Performance Validity Index

Robinson,

Calamia,

Penner

et al. 2023

J Psychopathol Behav Assess

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The utility of the Wisconsin card sorting test, 64-card version to detect noncredible attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Cited by 10 publications

References 89 publications

Cognitive Underperformance in a Mixed Neuropsychiatric Sample at Diagnostic Evaluation of Adult ADHD

Cognitive Underperformance in a Mixed Neuropsychiatric Sample at Diagnostic Evaluation of Adult ADHD

The correlation between cognitive control and relational aggression of Sportsmen adults: How do emerging learning technologies matter?

Two Times the Charm: Repeat Administration of the CPT-II Improves Its Classification Accuracy as a Performance Validity Index

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