The utilization of alkaline wastes in passive carbon capture and sequestration: Promises, challenges and environmental aspects

Khudhur, Faisal W. K.; MacDonald, John; Macente, Alice; Daly, Luke

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153553

Cited by 39 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 137 publications

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“…It should be noted that carbonation can also be inhibited as a result of calcite precipitation, which results in clogging of pores and prevention of further carbonation (see Section “Pore Space Analysis”). Additionally, exposure to water can result in silica gel polymerization which in turn results in the formation of a barrier that inhibits further carbonation (Assima et al, 2012; Khudhur et al, 2022). Despite this, we show that passive carbonation indeed occurred at the Ravenscraig site, and that nondestructive image-based analysis can be used to estimate carbon capture potential.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Silicate weathering includes the reaction of calcium and magnesium silicates with CO 2 to produce carbonate minerals, resulting in an estimated global natural carbon uptake rate of 1 × 10 −3 –2.8 × 10 −3 kg C/m 2 /year (Gaillardet et al, 1999; Amiotte Suchet et al, 2003; Huh, 2003; Oskierski et al, 2013). Many studies investigated using different silicate rocks in negative emission technologies, and they showed that different sources, such as wastes from mining and steelmaking industries, have carbon uptake rates that are orders of magnitude larger than the corresponding natural values (Zevenhoven & Kavaliauskaite, 2004; Renforth et al, 2015; Kelemen et al, 2020; Khudhur et al, 2022). Using silicate-rich alkaline wastes like ironmaking and steelmaking slag to capture CO 2 is particularly attractive since these wastes are produced in large quantities (7 × 10 12 –1.7 × 10 13 kg/year) with an annual carbon capture potential of 3.32 × 10 11 kg C (Renforth et al, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The dissolution of silicates [equation ( 3)] has been identified as the rate-limiting step, as silicate minerals contain several strong Si-O bonds that are difficult to break, resulting in the nonstoichiometric dissolution of minerals that leave a Si-rich layer, as shown in Khudhur et al (2022) and the references therein. This reaction can also be hindered due to carbonate precipitation that prevents further dissolution of silicates (Power et al, 2013).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Image-Based Analysis of Weathered Slag for Calculation of Transport Properties and Passive Carbon Capture

Khudhur

Macente

MacDonald

et al. 2022

Microscopy and Microanalysis

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Weathering of silicate-rich industrial wastes such as slag can reduce emissions from the steelmaking industry. During slag weathering, different minerals spontaneously react with atmospheric CO2 to produce calcite. Here, we evaluate the CO2 uptake during slag weathering using image-based analysis. The analysis was applied to an X-ray computed tomography (XCT) dataset of a slag sample associated with the former Ravenscraig steelworks in Lanarkshire, Scotland. The element distribution of the sample was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). Two advanced image segmentation methods, namely trainable WEKA segmentation in the Fiji distribution of ImageJ and watershed segmentation in Avizo ® 9.3.0, were used to segment the XCT images into matrix, pore space, calcite, and other precipitates. Both methods yielded similar volume fractions of the segmented classes. However, WEKA segmentation performed better in segmenting smaller pores, while watershed segmentation was superior in overcoming the partial volume effect presented in the XCT data. We estimate that CO2 has been captured in the studied sample with an uptake between 20 and 17 kg CO2/1,000 kg slag for TWS and WS, respectively, through calcite precipitation.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Image-Based Analysis of Weathered Slag for Calculation of Transport Properties and Passive Carbon Capture

Khudhur

Macente

MacDonald

et al. 2022

Microscopy and Microanalysis

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“…CO 2 mineralization is recognized as a feasible approach for addressing climate change because it offers the potential to securely capture human-made CO 2 emissions by converting them into stable carbonate solids, providing longterm sequestration. 4 The mineral carbonation reaction is strongly dependent on reaction conditions, such as temperature, pressure, and the presence or absence of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ), which affects the pH of the reacting slurry and hence speciation in the aqueous solution. Low carbonate (nesquehonite) yields, of generally less than 20%, have been achieved for the carbonation of heat-activated serpentine at low partial pressures of CO 2 (up to 1 bar) and temperatures (between 30 and 90 °C).…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of NaHCO₃ on the Magnesite Yield in Direct Aqueous Carbonation of Thermally-Activated Lizardite

Abu Fara,

Rayson,

Brent

et al. 2024

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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The major aim of this research was to understand the effect of the addition of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO 3 ) on the reaction yield and products in the direct aqueous mineral carbonation of heat-activated lizardite under single-step reaction conditions (130 bar, 150 °C) developed by the Albany Research Center. This was achieved by tracking the evolution of the aqueous and solid species produced over the duration of the reaction. Analysis of solid and liquid samples was performed using a variety of analytical techniques, including thermal gravimetric analysis mass spectrometry, inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry, qualitative and semiquantitative X-ray diffraction analysis, and laser diffraction particle size analysis. Carbonation experiments were conducted with and without NaHCO 3 using heat-activated lizardite to study its effect on the reaction rate and overall yield. It was found that NaHCO 3 controlled the magnesium carbonate phase formed in the carbonation reaction [hydromagnesite or magnesite (MgCO 3 )]. It can be concluded that NaHCO 3 elevates the concentration of carbonate ions (CO 3 2−), leading to a heightened level of supersaturation in the carbonate phase. This, in turn, contributes to an increased extent of MgCO 3 precipitation.

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“…Among several approaches to CCS, enhanced weathering is a proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy to accelerate natural carbon sequestration in soils via the amendment of silicate rocks (Schuiling and Krijgsman, 2006). It is a chemical storage route whereby CO 2 is converted into carbonates and bicarbonates by reaction with alkaline earth metal oxide-rich minerals (Lackner, 2003;Manning and Renforth, 2013;Khudhur et al, 2022). The most suitable class of naturally occurring Ca-and Mg-containing minerals for CCS are silicates, owing to the abundance, reactivity, and inertness of principal silicic by-product ([SiO x (OH) 4 -2x]n).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mineral–Soil–Plant–Nutrient Synergisms of Enhanced Weathering for Agriculture: Short-Term Investigations Using Fast-Weathering Wollastonite Skarn

et al. 2022

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Enhanced weathering is a proposed carbon dioxide removal (CDR) strategy to accelerate natural carbon sequestration in soils via the amendment of silicate rocks to agricultural soils. Among the suitable silicates (such as basalt and olivine), the fast-weathering mineral wollastonite (CaSiO3) stands out. Not only does the use of wollastonite lead to rapid pedogenic carbonate formation in soils, it can be readily detected for verification of carbon sequestration, but its weathering within weeks to months influences soil chemistry and plant growth within the same crop cycle of its application. This enables a variety of short-term experimental agronomic studies to be conducted to demonstrate in an accelerated manner what could take years to be observed with more abundant but slower weathering silicates. This study presents the results of three studies that were conducted to investigate three distinct aspects of wollastonite skarn weathering in soils in the context of both agricultural and horticultural plants. The first study investigated the effect of a wide range of wollastonite skarn dosages in soil (1.5–10 wt.%) on the growth of green beans. The second study provides insights on the role of silicon (Si) release during silicate weathering on plant growth (soybeans and lettuce). The third study investigated the effect of wollastonite skarn on the growth of spring rye when added to soil alongside a nitrogen-based coated fertilizer. The results of these three studies provide further evidence that amending soil with crushed silicate rocks leads to climate-smart farming, resulting in inorganic carbon sequestration, as well as better plant growth in agricultural (soybean and spring rye) and horticultural (green bean and lettuce) crops. They also demonstrate the value of working with wollastonite skarn as a fast-weathering silicate rock to accelerate our understanding of the mineral–soil–plant–nutrient synergism of enhanced weathering.

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The utilization of alkaline wastes in passive carbon capture and sequestration: Promises, challenges and environmental aspects

Cited by 39 publications

References 137 publications

Image-Based Analysis of Weathered Slag for Calculation of Transport Properties and Passive Carbon Capture

Image-Based Analysis of Weathered Slag for Calculation of Transport Properties and Passive Carbon Capture

Effect of NaHCO₃ on the Magnesite Yield in Direct Aqueous Carbonation of Thermally-Activated Lizardite

Mineral–Soil–Plant–Nutrient Synergisms of Enhanced Weathering for Agriculture: Short-Term Investigations Using Fast-Weathering Wollastonite Skarn

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The utilization of alkaline wastes in passive carbon capture and sequestration: Promises, challenges and environmental aspects

Cited by 39 publications

References 137 publications

Image-Based Analysis of Weathered Slag for Calculation of Transport Properties and Passive Carbon Capture

Image-Based Analysis of Weathered Slag for Calculation of Transport Properties and Passive Carbon Capture

Effect of NaHCO3 on the Magnesite Yield in Direct Aqueous Carbonation of Thermally-Activated Lizardite

Mineral–Soil–Plant–Nutrient Synergisms of Enhanced Weathering for Agriculture: Short-Term Investigations Using Fast-Weathering Wollastonite Skarn

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Effect of NaHCO₃ on the Magnesite Yield in Direct Aqueous Carbonation of Thermally-Activated Lizardite