The Utilization of Artificial Neural Network Equalizer in Optical Camera Communications

Abstract

In this paper, we propose and validate an artificial neural network-based equalizer for the constant power 4-level pulse amplitude modulation in an optical camera communications system. We introduce new terminology to measure the quality of the communications link in terms of the number of row pixels per symbol Npps, which allows a fair comparison considering the progress made in the development of the current image sensors in terms of the frame rates and the resolutions of each frame. Using the proposed equalizer, we experimentally demonstrate a non-flickering system using a single light-emitting diode (LED) with Npps of 20 and 30 pixels/symbol for the unequalized and equalized systems, respectively. Potential transmission rates of up to 18.6 and 24.4 kbps are achieved with and without the equalization, respectively. The quality of the received signal is assessed using the eye-diagram opening and its linearity and the bit error rate performance. An acceptable bit error rate (below the forward error correction limit) and an improvement of ~66% in the eye linearity are achieved using a single LED and a typical commercial camera with equalization.

Design, Implementation and Experimental Investigation of a Pedestrian Street Crossing Assistance System Based on Visible Light Communications

“…Next, this information is transmitted toward the vehicles behind, which are not able to detect the danger, using the taillights as a VLC transmitter. The following vehicle uses a camera system to receive this information using the concept of Optical Camera Communication (OCC) [ 55 , 56 ]. Although the working principle is remarkable, the system has several disadvantages generated by the limitations associated with OCC.…”

Design and Implementation of Remote Controlling System Using GAN in Optical Camera Communication

“…The introduction of NN equalizer has impact significant improvement of visible light communication system [12]. Although it is in an early stage, some articles shows tremendous achievement but lack of computational complexity [13] and very poor generation. In [14], authors have used NN for data decoding considering motion by waving their hand.…”

Variable pulse position modulation receivers for visible light communication systems without the knowledge of dimming level

“…Particularly, in VLC links, the artificial neural network (ANN) architectures have been attached very attention from many researchers. The existing works in the literature related to ANN‐based VLC systems focused on expanding the rate of communication 26 . On the other hand, the linear and nonlinear distortions have emerged as major difficulties to high‐speed VLC links 27 .…”

“…The existing works in the literature related to ANN-based VLC systems focused on expanding the rate of communication. 26 On the other hand, the linear and nonlinear distortions have emerged as major difficulties to high-speed VLC links. 27 In Reference 28, it was reported that a 170 Mb/s OOK-VLC system eliminates the ISI by employing an ANN-based equalizer.…”