The Utilization of Catfish Bone Waste as Microcalcium by Different Preparation Methods

Abstract

In order to improve the quality of catfish bone flour, the sol-gel method was used to extract calcium. The purpose of the research was to compare calcium characterization, specifically chemical and physical quality based on discrepancy extraction methods. Completely Random Design was used as a factor with different calcium extraction, which were sol-gel method with agitation, a sol-gel treatment without agitation and the conventional way. Each treatment replicated in three folds. The results showed that the sol-gel process with agitation increased catfish bone flour quality (p<0.05), namely calcium (16.02%) and phosphor (5.13). Compared to the conventional method, the sol-gel way with and without agitation reduced particle size from from micro to sub-micro size by 174.67 µm to 3.82 and 5.12 µm respectively. The highest whiteness index (84.18) made micro calcium prepared by sol-gel method with agitation process as prospective for food fortification. Based on microscopic observation, catfish bone flour has calcite shape and stable structure which prospective used to substitute calcium loss in the bone.

Autoclaving and Alkaline Hydrolysis Effects on the Particle Size and Solubility of Grouper (<I>Epinephelus</I> sp.) Nano-calcium Powder in <I>In Vitro</I> Gastrointestinal Tract Simulation

“…The nano-calcium brightness score produced in this study (88-89) is brighter than the catfish bone calcium from Ratnawati et al (2020), which was 84.18, but less light than the biocalcium produced by Benjakul et al (2017) with the brightness of 92-93 from tuna bone using the NaOH hydrolysis method and 95 by the sintering method. Meanwhile, Prinaldi et al (2018) was able to hydrolyze tuna bones with HCl, resulting in a brightness of 92.61, slightly higher than synthetic CaCO 3 which is 92.…”

“…(2022) was between 21.75 and 50.25 % after 3 h of autoclaving treatment followed by 3 cycles of alkaline hydrolysis at 100°C. In the production of micro calcium powder, Ratnawati et al (2020) achieved a yield of 11.19-51.58 % utilizing the agitation hydrolysis technique as opposed to the usual approach without hydrolysis. The conclusion that can be taken from this research is that the longer the stages of the manufacturing process, the finer the nano-calcium particle size and the purer the calcium; nevertheless, this is inversely related to the yield percentage.…”

“…Several researchers extracted fish bones using varying percentages of alkali, including Amitha et al (2019) used 2% NaOH on grouper, emperor, and snapper bones, Nemati et al (2017) used 2% NaOH on yellowfin tuna bones, Anggraeni (2019) used 1 N NaOH on tilapia bone, Kusumaningrum et al (2016) The bone autoclaving pre-treatment before the extraction process is carried out to denature bone collagen protein and soften bones (Husna et al, 2020) has also been carried out in numerous studies, including those conducted by Yin et al (2015) silver carp bone autoclaving for 1 hour, Ratnawati et al (2020) autoclaving catfish bones for 1 hour, Talib and Zailani (2017) autoclaving yellowfin tuna bones for 2 hours, while Julianti (2017), Anggraeni (2019), and Husna et al (2020). However, no studies have been conducted to compare the autoclave duration with the quality, particle size, and bioavailability of the nano-calcium in in vitro gastrointestinal simulation tests.…”