The Utilization of Fructose in the Mammalian Organism as Shown by Experiments on Hepatectomized and Eviscerated Preparations

The conversion of laevulose and fatty acid into glucose

“…This result-supports McGuican [1908] and is confirmed by Griesbach [1929], Bornstein & Volker [1929] and Okamura [1938]. Griffith & Waters [1936] ( 245.) also suggest that laevulose is utilized by the muscles and brain because it prolongs the life of eviscerated dogs.…”

“…This is supported by Verzair & McDougal Laszt [quoted by Verzair &McDougal, 1936] who consider that laevulose is converted into glucose in the intestine. These results have been contraverted by Steinberg [1927], Oppel [1929], Burget et al [1932] and by Griffith & Waters [1936] who found that laevulose is utilized and can prolong life in dogs deprived of their liver and viscera. Goda [1938] showed that laevulose disappeared and glucose concentration was increased when laevulose was incubated with kidney slices.…”

A study of the free sugar concentration of the livers of rats absorbing glucose and fructose and its relationship to glycogen synthesis

“…This was the explanation given by Bollman & Mann [1931] for the fact that, whilst they were able to maintain a liverless animal alive for a long period by infusion of fructose, this sugar was ineffective when the intestines were also removed. Later Griffiths & Waters [1936] showed that in the liverless animal and also in the eviscerated animal fructose is used, apparently directly, and not by preliminary conversion into glucose. This finding does not invalidate the hypothesis that some conversion of fructose into glucose may take place in the intestinal cells, but it does deprive it of its strongest piece of experimental support.…”

“…As there was little variation in this value in the animals tested this figure has been used throughout in calculating true blood sugar values from total reduction values. The estimation of blood fructose has been done as described by Griffiths & Waters [1936] by the method of Harding & Nicholson [1933] in which use is made of the selective removal of glucose in the presence of fructose by their particular strain of Proteus vulgaris.1…”