The vaccine development process

Rolling, Katherine E.; Hayney, Mary S.

doi:10.1016/j.japh.2016.09.009

Cited by 7 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…For the development of a vaccine, it is necessary to know the structure of the pathogen against which the formulation is designed, as well as the immunogenic components, such as adjuvants. However, the development of a new formulation and pre-clinical and clinical assays can take a significant amount of time (5). Considering the urgency around improving the immune response of the population when confronting a rapidly disseminating pandemic disease, such as the one caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2), there is little or no capacity to develop a new formulation to immunize the population and comply with all the required regulatory steps.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2?

et al. 2020

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Trained immunity is a type of non-specific memory-like immune response induced by some pathogens and vaccines, such as BCG, which can confer antigen-independent protection against a wide variety of pathogens. The BCG vaccine has been extensively used to protect against tuberculosis for almost a 100 years. Interestingly, this vaccine reduces children's mortality caused by infections unrelated to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection, a phenomenon thought to be due to the induction of trained immunity. The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has infected, as of April 22, 2020, 2,623,231 people globally, causing a major public health problem worldwide. Currently, no vaccine or treatment is available to control this pandemic. We analyzed the number of positive cases and deaths in different countries and correlated them with the inclusion of BCG vaccination at birth in their national vaccination programs. Interestingly, those countries where BCG vaccination is given at birth have shown a lower contagion rate and fewer COVID-19-related deaths, suggesting that this vaccine may induce trained immunity that could confer some protection for SARS-CoV-2.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2?

et al. 2020

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“…Vaccines are designed to induce adaptive immunological memory against specific pathogens ( 17 , 18 ). However, the recent realization that some vaccines can also induce non-specific immunological memory via trained immunity suggests that TIbVs could be considered candidates to protect against pathogens with no specific vaccine.…”

Section: Trained Immunity Induced By Bcgmentioning

confidence: 99%

Induction of Trained Immunity by Recombinant Vaccines

et al. 2021

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Vaccines represent an important strategy to protect humans against a wide variety of pathogens and have even led to eradicating some diseases. Although every vaccine is developed to induce specific protection for a particular pathogen, some vaccine formulations can also promote trained immunity, which is a non-specific memory-like feature developed by the innate immune system. It is thought that trained immunity can protect against a wide variety of pathogens other than those contained in the vaccine formulation. The non-specific memory of the trained immunity-based vaccines (TIbV) seems beneficial for the immunized individual, as it may represent a powerful strategy that contributes to the control of pathogen outbreaks, reducing morbidity and mortality. A wide variety of respiratory viruses, including respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) and metapneumovirus (hMPV), cause serious illness in children under 5 years old and the elderly. To address this public health problem, we have developed recombinant BCG vaccines that have shown to be safe and immunogenic against hRSV or hMPV. Besides the induction of specific adaptive immunity against the viral antigens, these vaccines could generate trained immunity against other respiratory pathogens. Here, we discuss some of the features of trained immunity induced by BCG and put forward the notion that recombinant BCGs expressing hRSV or hMPV antigens have the capacity to simultaneously induce specific adaptive immunity and non-specific trained immunity. These recombinant BCG vaccines could be considered as TIbV capable of inducing simultaneously the development of specific protection against hRSV or hMPV, as well as non-specific trained-immunity-based protection against other pathogenic viruses.

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Section: Development Of Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Because knowing these details are crucial that different vaccination strategies might be implemented to protect against pathogens entering via different routes such as the respiratory (influenza, pneumococcus), gastrointestinal (Salmonella) or genital tracts (Herpes simplex virus [HSV] or HIV), or entering the bloodstream by injury/injection (hepatitis B/C) or mosquito bite (malaria, filariasis, dengue). [80][81][82] Generally, less than one tenth of the vaccine candidates achieve licensure due to the high failure rate of the unpredictable nature of the biological organisms required for the vaccine production and the variability of how the human immune system will detect process and react to the vaccine antigen. Appropriate levels of immune response may be produced by some vaccine candidates but they may induce significant adverse reactions.…”

Section: Development Of Vaccinementioning

confidence: 99%

Vaccine and vaccination as a part of human life: In view of COVID‐19

Megha

Nayar

Mohanan

2021

Biotechnology Journal

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Background Vaccination created a great breakthrough toward the improvement to the global health. The development of vaccines and their use made a substantial decrease and control in infectious diseases. The abundance and emergence of new vaccines has facilitated targeting populations to alleviate and eliminate contagious pathogens from their innate reservoir. However, along with the infections like malaria and HIV, effective immunization remains obscure and imparts a great challenge to science. Purpose and scope The novel Corona virus SARS‐CoV‐2 is the reason for the 2019 COVID‐19 pandemic in the human global population, in the first half of 2019. The need for establishing a protected and compelling COVID‐19 immunization is a global prerequisite to end this pandemic. Summary and conclusion The different vaccine technologies like inactivation, attenuation, nucleic acid, viral vector, subunit, and viral particle based techniques are employed to develop a safe and highly efficient vaccine. The progress in vaccine development for SARS‐CoV2 is much faster in the history of science. Even though there exist of lot of limitations, continuous efforts has put forward so as to develop highly competent and effective vaccine for many human and animal linked diseases due to its unlimited prospective. This review article focuses on the historical outlook and the development of the vaccine as it is a crucial area of research where the life of the human is saved from various potential diseases.

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The vaccine development process

Cited by 7 publications

References 11 publications

Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2?

Could BCG Vaccination Induce Protective Trained Immunity for SARS-CoV-2?

Induction of Trained Immunity by Recombinant Vaccines

Vaccine and vaccination as a part of human life: In view of COVID‐19

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