The Validity and Reliability of a Kinect v2-Based Gait Analysis System for Children with Cerebral Palsy

Abstract

The aim of this study is to evaluate if Kinect is a valid and reliable clinical gait analysis tool for children with cerebral palsy (CP), and whether linear regression and long short-term memory (LSTM) recurrent neural network methods can improve its performance. A gait analysis was conducted on ten children with CP, on two occasions. Lower limb joint kinematics computed from the Kinect and a traditional marker-based Motion Analysis system were investigated by calculating the root mean square errors (RMSE), the coefficients of multiple correlation (CMC), and the intra-class correlation coefficients (ICC2,k). Results showed that the Kinect-based kinematics had an overall modest to poor correlation (CMC—less than 0.001 to 0.70) and an angle pattern similarity with Motion Analysis. After the calibration, RMSE on every degree of freedom decreased. The two calibration methods indicated similar levels of improvement in hip sagittal (CMC—0.81 ± 0.10 vs. 0.75 ± 0.22)/frontal (CMC—0.41 ± 0.35 vs. 0.42 ± 0.37) and knee sagittal kinematics (CMC—0.85±0.07 vs. 0.87 ± 0.12). The hip sagittal (CMC—0.97±0.05) and knee sagittal (CMC—0.88 ± 0.12) angle patterns showed a very good agreement over two days. Modest to excellent reliability (ICC2,k—0.45 to 0.93) for most parameters renders it feasible for observing ongoing changes in gait kinematics.

Test-Retest, Inter-Rater and Intra-Rater Reliability for Spatiotemporal Gait Parameters Using SANE (an eaSy gAit aNalysis systEm) as Measuring Instrument

“…In addition, Standard Error of Measurement (SEM) and Smallest Detectable Change (SDC) were calculated. SEM was calculated used the formula [33]:…”

“…Therefore, the results found in the study are difficult to compare with other depth sensor-based systems in terms of test-retest, inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. In [24,33] inter-day reliability (test-retest) was calculated for depth sensor-based system (Kinect v2). In [33], a one-day interval was used to perform a second session to test gait parameters of 10 children with cerebral palsy.…”

“…In [24,33] inter-day reliability (test-retest) was calculated for depth sensor-based system (Kinect v2). In [33], a one-day interval was used to perform a second session to test gait parameters of 10 children with cerebral palsy. However, the parameters evaluated are different from those evaluated in this study thus the reliability results cannot be compared.…”

The Accuracy of the Microsoft Kinect V2 Sensor for Human Gait Analysis. A Different Approach for Comparison with the Ground Truth

“…In the study presented by Yunru et al [5], during the joint kinematic validity, the author measured the error of the Kinect V2 sensor. Looking at the kinematic signals provided by the authors, it is remarkable, especially in knee flexion/extension, that the signals are affected by the sensor latency.…”

“…In general, the Kinect V2 sensor has been extensively used for kinematic gait analysis [1] and the identification of normal and pathological gait [2]. Some important studies have analyzed and validated the application of the Kinect V2 sensor for kinematic gait analysis [3][4][5]. Despite that fact, there is something interesting in these studies.…”