The Validity of Hair Analysis for Detecting Cocaine and Heroin Use among Addicts

Magura, Stephen; Freeman, Robert C.; Siddiqi, Qudsia; Lipton, Douglas S.

doi:10.3109/10826089109063462

Cited by 83 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Drugs become detectable in hair about 3 to 4 days after use, a time when cocaine is rendered undetectable by urinalysis and, thus, provide a reliable method for determining chronic use. Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) confirmations of RIAH have not revealed any false positives because of testing errors (see Magura et al, 1992).…”

Section: Identification Of Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal cocaine and other substance exposure: Effects on infant autonomic regulation at 7 months of age

Schuetze

Eiden

Coles

2007

Developmental Psychobiology

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This study examined the association between prenatal exposure to cocaine and autonomic regulation at 7 months of age. Heart rate (HR) and respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) were obtained from 154 (79 exposed, and 75 nonexposed) infants during baseline and tasks designed to elicit positive and negative affect. Cocaine-exposed infants had higher HR during the positive affect task. There was a significant suppression of RSA during the negative affect task for nonexposed infants but not for exposed infants. Fetal growth and maternal caregiving behavior did not mediate or moderate this association. These results provide additional support for an association between prenatal cocaine exposure and dysregulation during infancy.

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Section: Identification Of Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal cocaine and other substance exposure: Effects on infant autonomic regulation at 7 months of age

Schuetze

Eiden

Coles

2007

Developmental Psychobiology

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“…Recently, several studies have documented that cocaine and its metabolite BZE are incorporated into hair during the growth of the hair shaft and remain there for the whole life of the hair [11,[24][25][26][27][28]. Because the rate of hair growth in adults is about 1 cm per month, the time and duration of exposure can be obtained by cutting the hair into segments [29].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neonatal Hair Analysis for Benzoylecgonine: A Sensitive and Semiquantitative Biological Marker for Chronic Gestational Cocaine Exposure

Katikaneni

Salle²,

Hulsey³

2002

Neonatology

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Hair analysis for the major metabolite of cocaine, benzoylecgonine (BZE) was performed in a cohort of 251 predominantly African-American newborns utilizing a modified radioimmunoassay (RIA) (Abuscreen Roche Laboratories, Nutley, N.J., USA). Maternal drug intake was confirmed by positive urine drug screen for cocaine metabolites at the time of delivery. The BZE concentrations reported here are the composites of both the parent compound cocaine (hydrolyzed to BZE) and the native BZE metabolized by the patient and deposited in the hair follicle. Hair analysis as an indicator for gestational cocaine exposure had a sensitivity of 88%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 85%. The range of BZE was 99–23,300 ng/g of hair, with 79% having hair BZE levels <5,000 ng/g of hair. The BZE RIA was confirmed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Of the 18 mother/infant pairs tested, the hair BZE ratio (maternal to neonatal) varied from 0.5 to 8.9 in 13 pairs. In spite of maternal high hair BZE levels, 5 newborns had no evidence of hair BZE, stressing the importance of the placental role for the cocaine transfer to the fetus. After controlling for gestational age, higher BZE levels significantly correlated with smaller head circumference (p < 0.03) and birth weight (p < 0.01).

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“…As hair grows at an average rate of half an inch per month, it Freeman, Siddiqi, & Lipton, 1992). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmations of RIAH have not revealed any false positives because of testing errors (see Magura et al, 1992).Approximately 32% of mothers in the study (55% of the mothers in the cocaine group) had positive urine toxicologies at delivery, and 25% of mothers (79% of the mothers in the cocaine group) had hair samples that tested positive for cocaine during pregnancy. The remainder of mothers in the cocaine group admitted having used cocaine in the brief, selfreport screening instrument administered after delivery.…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Drugs and their metabolites are absorbed into the hair and can be extracted and measured. As hair grows at an average rate of half an inch per month, it Freeman, Siddiqi, & Lipton, 1992). Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry confirmations of RIAH have not revealed any false positives because of testing errors (see Magura et al, 1992).…”

Section: Identification Of Substance Usementioning

confidence: 99%

Conceptual model for maternal behavior among polydrug cocaine-using mothers: The role of postnatal cocaine use and maternal depression.

Eiden

Stevens

Schuetze

et al. 2006

Psychology of Addictive Behaviors

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This study examined the association between maternal cocaine use and maternal behavior and tested a conceptual model predicting maternal insensitivity during mother-infant interactions. Participants included 130 mother-infant dyads (68 cocaine-exposed and 62 noncocaine-exposed) who were recruited after birth and assessed at 4-8 weeks of infant age. Results of model testing indicated that when the effects of prenatal cocaine use were examined in the context of polydrug use, maternal psychopathology, maternal childhood history, and infant birth weight, only postnatal cocaine use and maternal depression/anxiety were unique predictors of maternal insensitivity during mother-infant interactions. Keywords cocaine; depression; maternal behavior; substance useThe teratological impact of prenatal cocaine exposure on specific aspects of development is still under study. However, there is a growing recognition that one pathway to later developmental problems among cocaine-exposed infants may be through problematic maternal behavior or parenting difficulties. For instance, cocaine-using mothers have been reported to be more disengaged and passive during mother-infant interactions in the neonatal period (Gottwald & Thurman, 1994;Molitor, Mayes, & Ward, 2003), to have lower responsiveness and enthusiasm in later infancy (Burns, Chethik, Burns, & Clark, 1991, to be less positively reinforcing and use more threats of physical discipline in NIH Public Access Author ManuscriptPsychol Addict Behav. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2011 May 11. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript the toddler/preschool period (Bauman & Dougherty, 1983), and to be more hostile and intrusive and less supportive in a structured teaching situation at 3 years of age (Johnson et al., 2002). Others have specifically measured behavior during feeding, a naturalistic context for interactions in infancy. These results indicate that cocaine-using mothers are less flexible and engaged during feeding interactions with their 1-month-old infants compared with the control group (LaGasse et al., 2003) and have higher dyadic conflict with their infants (Eiden, 2001). However, the literature is by no means unequivocal. Several studies have noted no association between maternal cocaine use and parenting difficulties (M. Black, Schuler, & Nair, 1993;Johnson & Rosen, 1990;Neuspiel, Hamel, Hochberg, Greene, & Campbell, 1991). These disparate findings may be explained not only by differences in timing of measurement and varying sample sizes but also by the large within-group heterogeneity on variables such as placement in foster care and other maternal and infant risk characteristics. Notable among these risk characteristics are comorbid maternal psychopathology, use of other substances, continued postnatal substance abuse, and compromised infant growth outcomes.Several studies have noted the association between maternal cocaine use and higher postpartum psychological distress (Singer et al., 1995), higher depression and an...

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The Validity of Hair Analysis for Detecting Cocaine and Heroin Use among Addicts

Cited by 83 publications

References 12 publications

Prenatal cocaine and other substance exposure: Effects on infant autonomic regulation at 7 months of age

Prenatal cocaine and other substance exposure: Effects on infant autonomic regulation at 7 months of age

Neonatal Hair Analysis for Benzoylecgonine: A Sensitive and Semiquantitative Biological Marker for Chronic Gestational Cocaine Exposure

Conceptual model for maternal behavior among polydrug cocaine-using mothers: The role of postnatal cocaine use and maternal depression.

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