The validity of <i>d</i> prime as a working memory index: Results from the “Bergen <i>n</i>-back task”

Haatveit, Beathe; Sundet, Kjetil; Hugdahl, Kenneth; Ueland, Torill; Melle, Ingrid; Andreassen, Ole A.

doi:10.1080/13803391003596421

Cited by 252 publications

(190 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…To test whether task-related changes in rCBF and FCS might relate to behavioral performance, we conducted a voxel-wise correlation analysis between the changes in rCBF or FCS and task performance, dprime, which is a measurement of hit rate and penalizing for the false alarm rate (23). As expected, we found that the behavioral performance positively correlated with working-memory task-related changes in FCS in the right inferior-parietal lobule (P corrected < 0.05), and task-related changes in rCBF in the left inferior-parietal lobule at the 3-back level (P corrected < 0.05; Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow reveals a physiological basis for network hubs of the human brain

Liang

Zou

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

607

515

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Human brain functional networks contain a few densely connected hubs that play a vital role in transferring information across regions during resting and task states. However, the relationship of these functional hubs to measures of brain physiology, such as regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), remains incompletely understood. Here, we used functional MRI data of blood-oxygenation-level-dependent and arterial-spin-labeling perfusion contrasts to investigate the relationship between functional connectivity strength (FCS) and rCBF during resting and an N-back working-memory task. During resting state, functional brain hubs with higher FCS were identified, primarily in the default-mode, insula, and visual regions. The FCS showed a striking spatial correlation with rCBF, and the correlation was stronger in the default-mode network (DMN; including medial frontal-parietal cortices) and executive control network (ECN; including lateral frontal-parietal cortices) compared with visual and sensorimotor networks. Moreover, the relationship was connection-distance dependent; i.e., rCBF correlated stronger with long-range hubs than short-range ones. It is notable that several DMN and ECN regions exhibited higher rCBF per unit connectivity strength (rCBF/FCS ratio); whereas, this index was lower in posterior visual areas. During the working-memory experiment, both FCS-rCBF coupling and rCBF/FCS ratio were modulated by task load in the ECN and/or DMN regions. Finally, task-induced changes of FCS and rCBF in the lateral-parietal lobe positively correlated with behavioral performance. Together, our results indicate a tight coupling between blood supply and brain functional topology during rest and its modulation in response to task demands, which may shed light on the physiological basis of human brain functional connectome.fMRI | connectomics | graph theory | modularity | metabolism T he human brain is a complex network that supports efficient communication through a collection of interconnected brain units, i.e., nodes (1, 2). Within the brain network, most nodes have few connections, but a few so-called hub nodes have a large number of connections (3-5). Graph-theory analysis of both human structural and functional connectivity data has revealed that these brain hubs are located predominantly in the posterior cingulate cortex/precuneus (PCC/PCu), medial-prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and lateral temporal and parietal cortices (4-8). Most of these brain regions constitute the putative default-mode network (DMN) that exhibits a high level of metabolism at rest (9). The spatial similarity between connectivity hubs and metabolism distribution suggests a relationship between intrinsic network connectivity and metabolic demands of the human brain.Brain metabolism includes oxidative phosphorylation, which consumes most of the glucose and produces most of the energy, and aerobic glycolysis, which accounts for a much smaller portion of the consumed glucose but is critical to a number of cellular functions (10). It has been shown that regio...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Coupling of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow reveals a physiological basis for network hubs of the human brain

Liang

Zou

et al. 2013

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

607

515

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…The sensitivity index d′ (Haatveit et al, 2010;Green and Swets, 1988) and reaction times were used to analyze the behavioral performance. D′ is calculated as the standardized probability of a hit minus the standardized probability of a false alarm: d′ = z(probability(hits)) − z(probability(false alarms)).…”

Section: Behavioral Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reward-dependent modulation of working memory is associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Hager

Kirschner

Bischof

et al. 2015

Schizophrenia Research

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The negative symptoms of schizophrenia have been associated with altered neural activity during both reward processing and cognitive processing. Even though increasing evidence suggests a strong interaction between these two domains, it has not been studied in relation to negative symptoms. To elucidate neural mechanisms of the reward-cognition interaction, we applied a letter variant of the n-back working memory task and varied the financial incentives for performance. In the interaction contrast, we found a significantly activated cluster in the rostral anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), the middle frontal gyrus, and the bilateral superior frontal gyrus. The interaction did not differ significantly between the patient group and a healthy control group, suggesting that patients with schizophrenia are on average able to integrate reward information and utilize this information to maximize cognitive performance. However within the patient group, we found a significant inverse correlation of ACC activity with the factor diminished expression. This finding is consistent with the model that a lack of available cognitive resources leads to diminished expression. We therefore argue that patients with diminished expression have difficulties in recruiting additional cognitive resources (as implemented in the ACC) in response to an anticipated reward. Due to this lack of cognitive resources, less processing capacity is available for effective expression, resulting in diminished expressive behavior.

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“…In (Perry et al, 2001;Egeland et al, 2003;Haatveit et al, 2010). Additionally, it has been shown that different WM tests require varying amounts of executive function and research using factor analytic approach demonstrated that FDS and BDS tasks load together to form a factor separate from other tests with higher central executive WM demands, such as N-back task (Allen et al, 2010).…”

Section: Discussion Different Domains Of Wm With Respect To Psychosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Impairments of Working Memory in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: the Effect of History of Psychotic Symptoms and Different Aspects of Cognitive Task Demands

Hewedi

Frydecka

Moustafa

2015

European Psychiatry

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Comparisons of cognitive impairments between schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BPD) have produced mixed results. We applied different working memory (WM) measures (Digit Span Forward and Backward, Short-delay and Long-delay CPT-AX, N-back) to patients with SZ (n = 23), psychotic BPD (n = 19) and non-psychotic BPD (n = 24), as well as to healthy controls (HC) (n = 18) in order to compare the level of WM impairments across the groups. With respect to the less demanding WM measures (Digit Span Forward and Backward, Short-delay CPT-AX), there were no between group differences in cognitive performance; however, with respect to the more demanding WM measures (Long-delay CPT-AX, N-back), we observed that the groups with psychosis (SZ, psychotic BPD) did not differ from one another, but performed poorer than the group without a history of psychosis (non-psychotic BPD). A history of psychotic symptoms may influence cognitive performance with respect to WM delay and load effects as measured by Long-delay CPT-AX and N-back tests, respectively. We observed a positive correlation of WM performance with antipsychotic treatment and a negative correlation with depressive symptoms in BPD and with negative symptoms in SZ subgroup. Our study suggests that WM dysfunctions are more closely related to a history of psychosis than to the diagnostic categories of SZ and BPD described by psychiatric classification systems.

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The validity of d prime as a working memory index: Results from the “Bergen n-back task”

Cited by 252 publications

References 24 publications

Coupling of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow reveals a physiological basis for network hubs of the human brain

Coupling of functional connectivity and regional cerebral blood flow reveals a physiological basis for network hubs of the human brain

Reward-dependent modulation of working memory is associated with negative symptoms in schizophrenia

Impairments of Working Memory in Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder: the Effect of History of Psychotic Symptoms and Different Aspects of Cognitive Task Demands

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