The validity of pain intensity measures: what do the NRS, VAS, VRS, and FPS-R measure?

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title> <jats:sec id="j_sjpain-2018-0012_s_999"> <jats:title id="d13211154e49724">Background and aims:</jats:title> <jats:p>The Numerical Rating Scale (NRS), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), Verbal Rating Scale (VRS), and Faces Pain Scale-Revised (FPS-R) are valid measures of pain intensity. However, ratings on these measures may be influenced by factors other than pain intensity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of non-pain intensity factors on the pain intensity scales.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec id="j_sjpain-2018-0012_s_998"> <jats:title id="d13211154e49732">Methods:</jats:title> <jats:p>We administered measures of pain intensity (NRS, VAS, VRS, FPS-R), pain unpleasantness, catastrophizing, depressive symptoms, and pain interference to 101 individuals with chronic lower back or knee pain. Correlation analyses examined the associations among the pain intensity scales, and regression analyses evaluated the contributions of the non-pain intensity factors (depressive symptoms, and pain unpleasantness, catastrophizing, and interference) to the VAS, VRS, and FPS-R ratings, while controlling for NRS, age, and gender.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec id="j_sjpain-2018-0012_s_997"> <jats:title id="d13211154e49740">Results:</jats:title> <jats:p>Although the NRS, VAS, VRS, FPR-S, scales were strongly associated with one another, supporting their validity as measures of pain intensity, regression analyses showed that the VRS also reflected pain interference, the FPS-R also reflected pain unpleasantness, and the VAS was not associated with any of the additional non-pain intensity factors when controlling for NRS, age, and gender.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec id="j_sjpain-2018-0012_s_996"> <jats:title id="d13211154e49748">Conclusions:</jats:title> <jats:p>The VAS appears to be most similar to the NRS and less influenced by non-pain intensity factors than the VRS or FPS-R. Although the VRS and FPS-R ratings both reflect pain intensity, they also contain additional information about pain interference and pain unpleasantness, respectively. These findings should be kept in mind when selecting pain measures and interpreting the results of research studies using these scales.</jats:p></jats:sec> <jats:sec id="j_sjpain-2018-0012_s_995"> <jats:title id="d13211154e49757">Implications:</jats:title> <jats:p>The influence of pain interference and pain unpleasantness on VRS and FPS-R, respectively should be kept in mind when selecting pain measures and interpreting the results of research studies using these scales.</jats:p></jats:sec>

Validity and reliability of the Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score with C‐reactive protein (ASDAS‐CRP) and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index (BASDAI) in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) in Singapore

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Validity and reliability of the Assessment of Spondyloarthritis International Society Health Index in English‐speaking patients with axial spondyloarthritis in Singapore

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Does muscle energy technique have an immediate benefit for women with pregnancy‐related pelvic girdle pain?

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