The Value and Validity of Self-Reported Survey Data on the Rape Experiences of College Students

Krebs, Christopher; Lindquist, Christine; Langton, Lynn; Berzofsky, Marcus; Planty, Michael; Asefnia, Nakisa; Shook-Sa, Bonnie; Peterson, Kimberly; Stroop, Jessica

doi:10.1177/10778012221079372

Cited by 72 publications

(128 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Alcohol use is prevalent in sexual assaults involving college students (Kilpatrick et al, 2007), and alcohol use was independently associated with lower reporting in this study and in others (Wolitzky-Taylor et al, 2011). Despite high rates of sexual assault in the student population (Krebs et al, 2016), several studies examined reasons students did not report. The most common reason students stated they did not report in one study was because they did not want assistance or action taken, or they did not think the incident was serious enough to report (Sinozich & Langton, 2014).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated With Law Enforcement Reporting in Patients Presenting for Medical Forensic Examinations

Downing

Adams

Bogue

2020

J Interpers Violence

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Law enforcement reporting following sexual assault is lower than for other violent crimes. Sexual assault nurse examiners (SANEs) provide care for patients in the acute period following sexual assault and are well-positioned to identify and address barriers to reporting. We examined data from medical forensic examination records documented by SANEs for a 5-year period (2011–2015). We examined 347 records of women 18 and older to identify factors associated with law enforcement reporting at the time of the exam using binomial logistic regression to construct odds ratios (OR). A total of 56.5% of patients in the sample reported to law enforcement. Patients who did not voluntarily consume alcohol were more likely to report than those who did (OR = 4.45; p = .001). Patients who were not students were more likely to report than students (OR = 3.24; p = .002). Patients who had a medical forensic exam within 32 hr of the assault were more likely to report than those having exams after 32 hr (OR = 2.68; p = .007). Patients who had anogenital and/or bodily injuries were more likely to report than those who had no injuries (OR = 2.50; p = .008). Patients who were penetrated (vaginally, orally, and/or anally) were more likely to report than those who were not penetrated (OR = 2.50; p = .056). Knowing the assailant, having multiple assailants, and patient and assailant race/ethnicity were not associated with different likelihood of reporting to law enforcement. SANEs and others who work with victims of sexual assault can use data to understand and address barriers to reporting.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Associated With Law Enforcement Reporting in Patients Presenting for Medical Forensic Examinations

Downing

Adams

Bogue

2020

J Interpers Violence

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“…This reason for nonreporting was the most common in the data, though it was often paired with other reasons. Others have found that victims of bias incidents often minimize the severity of their experience (Cantor et al, 2015; Krebs et al, 2016; Mayo, 2004), a phenomenon that appears to be more common in LGBTQ+ students (Meyer, 2010). Their normalization of the incidents as minor and commonplace is also aligned with prior queer scholarship, which suggested those trends were related to systems of cisnormativity and heteronormativity (Mayo, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Bias Incident Reporting and (Non)reportingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In these surveys, students most often attribute their nonreporting of incidents to their perception that the harassment or assault was not serious enough to report or that campus authorities would not take them seriously, even when the incidents include clearly illegal acts according to victim descriptions (Cantor et al, 2015; Krebs et al, 2016; Mayo, 2004). Others focusing specifically on lesbian, gay, and bisexual students found they tended to minimize the seriousness of incidents more often than their heterosexual counterparts (Krebs et al, 2016). There are many possible causes of this minimization and normalization, but one may be that larger institutional systems of oppression that foster homophobic, transphobic, and other forms of bias dominate student judgments of what constitutes harassment or assault (Mayo, 2004).…”

Section: Bias Incident Reporting and (Non)reportingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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“I didn't think I'd be supported”: LGBTQ+ students’ nonreporting of bias incidents at southeastern colleges and universities.

Weise¹,

Courtney²,

Strunk³

2023

Journal of Diversity in Higher Education

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Colleges and universities are complex spaces of both LGBTQ+ liberation and oppression.College students experience LGBTQ+ bias-motivated incidents of harassment, assault, or other violence. Previous researchers have found that these incidents are severely under-reported, which may be related to a range of factors, including campus policies, campus climates, and administrator incompetence. These campus characteristics are upheld through systems of anti-LGBTQ+ surveillance and oppression, including compulsory heterogenderism, which normalize anti-LGBTQ+ violence. In this study, we used a survey of 143 LGBTQ+ college students in the Southeastern U.S. to examine their experiences of violence on campus. Using queer theory, we analyzed student responses about bias-motivated incidents and whether they chose to report the incidents to campus or legal authorities via convergent mixed methods. In this analysis,LGBTQ+ students' decisions to report a bias incident are moderated by considerations of the significance of the incidents, unclear and prohibitive reporting options, and the risks associated with reporting. Additionally, students regularly minimized the seriousness of violence against themselves even when describing incidents that commonly meet college and university definitions of harassment and/or assault. This study shows LGBTQ+ students' experiences of bias-motivated violence and (non)reporting are complex and affected by many facets of college life. Therefore, colleges and universities looking to address violence on campus need to improve not only policy but also communication and other efforts that demonstrate students experiencing violence will be heard, supported, and affirmed.

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“…An issue that required consideration was that of incentive to take part. Krebs et al (2016) have identified that a level of incentive of US$25 is effective in maximizing completion rates. This benefit effect outweighs perceptions of a compromise to anonymity.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ignorance Is Not Bliss: A U.K. Study of Sexual and Domestic Abuse Awareness on Campus, and Correlations With Confidence and Positive Action in a Bystander Program

Bovill

White

2020

J Interpers Violence

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This article reports on a U.K. research study encompassing two surveys which used evidence-based scales of awareness, confidence to intervene, and intervention opportunities and action regarding sexual and domestic abuse on campus. They were sent to all first-year incoming undergraduates (> n = 7,000) at one post-1992 U.K. university and received n = 1,604 responses. The study finds that survey respondents demonstrated low awareness of sexual and domestic abuse as a problem on campus. In the analysis of Survey 2, respondents were divided into three groups, those receiving active intervention, passive intervention, and no intervention from a university social norms marketing campaign challenging abuse on campus. The study drives the field forward by considering how confidence to act mediates the relationship between awareness and positive action. It finds associations between active intervention and raised awareness that is not noted in passive or no intervention. Active intervention potentially brings together the mediating variable of confidence where awareness + confidence = positive action. This article makes recommendations for first-year incoming undergraduates to receive awareness raising information about sexual and domestic abuse, prior to coming to university. Universities may also consider working with schools to counter a lack of awareness, which may emanate from normalization discourses learnt prior to coming to university and perpetuated once there. Managing low awareness of sexual and domestic abuse should be a priority of bystander programs and some form of active intervention is potentially beneficial as early as possible in university student journeys.

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The Value and Validity of Self-Reported Survey Data on the Rape Experiences of College Students

Cited by 72 publications

References 8 publications

Factors Associated With Law Enforcement Reporting in Patients Presenting for Medical Forensic Examinations

Factors Associated With Law Enforcement Reporting in Patients Presenting for Medical Forensic Examinations

“I didn't think I'd be supported”: LGBTQ+ students’ nonreporting of bias incidents at southeastern colleges and universities.

Ignorance Is Not Bliss: A U.K. Study of Sexual and Domestic Abuse Awareness on Campus, and Correlations With Confidence and Positive Action in a Bystander Program

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