The value of novelty in schizophrenia

Martinelli, Cristina; Rigoli, Francesco; Averbeck, Bruno B.; Shergill, Sukhwinder S.

doi:10.1016/j.schres.2017.05.007

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…To our knowledge, the specific increase in random exploration associated with reduced overall performance has not been previously reported for patients with SZ. However, in the study of Martinelli and colleagues, patients with SZ showed increased novelty seeking on a different version of the three-armed bandit task 17 . Although the task and the analysis are not directly comparable, their findings are consistent with ours as novelty seeking and random exploration tap into similar functions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…Few studies have applied exploration–exploitation tasks in patients with SZ and no firm conclusions can be drawn so far: Strauss and colleagues found that patients with SZ show decreased uncertainty-driven directed exploration, which was associated with clinically assessed negative symptoms 16 . Another study reported that patients with SZ displayed increased novelty-seeking behaviors 17 . In addition, while several brain regions (midbrain and prefrontal areas) and neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline, and acetylcholine) have been implicated in mediating exploration–exploitation trade-offs 10 , 15 , 18 , 19 , the underlying etiological mechanisms remain to be elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Increased random exploration in schizophrenia is associated with inflammation

et al. 2021

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One aspect of goal-directed behavior, which is known to be impaired in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), is balancing between exploiting a familiar choice with known reward value and exploring a lesser known, but potentially more rewarding option. Despite its relevance to several symptom domains of SZ, this has received little attention in SZ research. In addition, while there is increasing evidence that SZ is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, few studies have investigated how this relates to specific behaviors, such as balancing exploration and exploitation. We therefore assessed behaviors underlying the exploration–exploitation trade-off using a three-armed bandit task in 45 patients with SZ and 19 healthy controls (HC). This task allowed us to dissociate goal-unrelated (random) from goal-related (directed) exploration and correlate them with psychopathological symptoms. Moreover, we assessed a broad range of inflammatory proteins in the blood and related them to bandit task behavior. We found that, compared to HC, patients with SZ showed reduced task performance. This impairment was due to a shift from exploitation to random exploration, which was associated with symptoms of disorganization. Relative to HC, patients with SZ showed a pro-inflammatory blood profile. Furthermore, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) positively correlated with random exploration, but not with directed exploration or exploitation. In conclusion, we show that low-grade inflammation in patients with SZ is associated with random exploration, which can be considered a behavioral marker for disorganization. hsCRP may constitute a marker for severity of, and a potential treatment target for maladaptive exploratory behaviors.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased random exploration in schizophrenia is associated with inflammation

et al. 2021

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“…Moreover, low value sensitivity (emerging from aberrant salience) was strongly associated with impaired cognitive performance. Finally (28), patients have increased preference for novel images, a preference both correlated with hallucination severity and which interfered with task performance. From a mechanistic perspective, aberrant salience affects the reward system by distorting value sensitivity.…”

Section: Positive Symptoms Salience and Value Sensitive For Rewardmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As response choice is closely associated with frontal and cingulate regions (27), impaired executive function in schizophrenia impacts reward sensitivity. A separate literature (reviewed below) links positive symptoms and abnormal salience with distorted representation of stimulus value, resulting in detrimental effects on cognitive integrity (28).…”

Section: Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognition and Reward Circuits in Schizophrenia: Synergistic, Not Separate

Robison

Thakkar

Diwadkar

2020

Biological Psychiatry

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Schizophrenia has been studied from the perspective of cognitive-or reward-related impairments, yet it cannot be wholly related to one or the other process and corresponding neural circuits. We posit a comprehensive circuit-based model proposing that dysfunctional interactions between the brain's cognitive and reward circuits underlie schizophrenia. The model is underpinned by how the relationship between glutamatergic and dopaminergic dysfunction in schizophrenia drives interactions between cognition and reward circuits. We argue that this interaction is synergistic: that is, deficits of cognition and reward processing interact, and this interaction is a core feature of schizophrenia. In adopting this position, we undertake a focused review of animal physiology and human clinical data, and in proposing this synergistic model, we highlight dopaminergic afferents from the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens (mesolimbic circuit) and frontal cortex (mesocortical circuit). We then expand on the role of glutamatergic inputs to these dopamine circuits, and dopaminergic modulation of critical excitatory pathways, with attention given to the role of glutamatergic hippocampal outputs onto nucleus accumbens. Finally, we present evidence for how in schizophrenia, dysfunction in the mesolimbic and mesocortical circuits, and their corresponding glutamatergic inputs gives rise to clinical and cognitive phenotypes, and is associated with positive and negative symptom dimensions. The synthesis attempted here provides an impetus for a conceptual shift that links cognitive and motivational aspects of schizophrenia and which can lead to treatment approaches that seek to harmonize network interactions between the brain's cognition and reward circuits with ameliorative effects in each behavioral domain.

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“…Few studies have applied exploration-exploitation tasks in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), but no firm conclusions can be drawn so far: Strauss and colleagues found that patients with SZ show decreased uncertainty-driven directed exploration, which was associated with clinically assessed negative symptoms [16]. Another study reported that patients with SZ displayed increased novelty-seeking behaviors [17]. In addition, while several brain regions (midbrain and prefrontal areas) and neurotransmitters (dopamine, noradrenaline and acetylcholine) have been implicated in mediating exploration-exploitation trade-offs [10] [15] [18] [19], the underlying etiological mechanisms remain to be elucidated.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased random exploration in schizophrenia is associated with inflammation

Cathomas

Klaus

Guetter

et al. 2020

Preprint

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One aspect of goal-directed behavior, which is known to be impaired in patients with schizophrenia (SZ), is balancing between exploiting a familiar choice with known reward value and exploring a lesser known but potentially more rewarding option. Despite its relevance to several symptom domains of SZ, this has received little attention in SZ research. In addition, while there is increasing evidence that SZ is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation, few studies have investigated how this relates to specific behaviors, such as balancing exploration and exploitation. We therefore assessed behaviors underlying the exploration-exploitation trade-off using a threearmed bandit task in 45 patients with SZ and 19 healthy controls (HC). This task allowed us to dissociate goal-unrelated (random) from goal-related (directed) exploration and correlate them with psychopathological symptoms. Moreover, we assessed a broad range of inflammatory proteins in the blood and related them to bandit task behavior. We found that, compared to HC, patients with SZ showed reduced task performance. This impairment was due to a shift from exploitation to random exploration, which was associated with symptoms of disorganization. Relative to HC, patients with SZ showed a pro-inflammatory blood profile. Furthermore, high sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) positively correlated with random exploration, but not with directed exploration or exploitation. In conclusion, we show that low-grade inflammation in patients with SZ is associated with random exploration, which can be considered a behavioral marker for disorganization. CRP may constitute a marker for severity of, and a potential treatment target for maladaptive exploratory behaviors.

show abstract

The value of novelty in schizophrenia

Cited by 18 publications

References 35 publications

Increased random exploration in schizophrenia is associated with inflammation

Increased random exploration in schizophrenia is associated with inflammation

Cognition and Reward Circuits in Schizophrenia: Synergistic, Not Separate

Increased random exploration in schizophrenia is associated with inflammation

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